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In the articles below, the term “bystander” is used for people who observe or come to know about the behavior of others (whether unacceptable or exemplary behavior), but who are not knowingly engaged in planning or executing that behavior.

Many bystanders hesitate to act—for many different reasons discussed in these articles. Some reasons are helpful and responsible, but many bystanders need and want safe, accessible, and credible support before they can and will act.