Medically Important Fungi in Multi-Species Biofilms: Microbial Interactions, Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Strategies

Abstract

Purpose of Review This review aims to elucidate clinically important sites where multi-species biofilms are formed. We highlight key in vitro and in vivo studies, discuss the clinical implications of these biofilms, and explore strategies for their prevention and eradication. Recent Findings Multi-species biofilms significantly enhance antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity. Synergistic interactions, such as those between Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, illustrate how fungal biofilms can elevate bacterial drug resistance. Innovative treatments, including combination therapies and targeting specific biofilm components, show promise in disrupting these resilient communities. Summary Understanding the molecular and environmental factors driving multi-species biofilm formation is crucial for developing effective therapies. Future research should emphasize in vivo interactions, host responses, and the potential of natural substances and polymeric devices to improve treatment outcomes and reduce the clinical burden of multi-species biofilm-associated infections.