» MIT OpenCourseWare » Brain and Cognitive Sciences » Developmental Neurobiology, Spring 2003

Readings

The readings listed below provide the foundation of this course. Click on the links to view abstracts for the journal articles, where available. Readings are arranged by topic. While there is no assigned textbook for the course, three textbooks are listed for further study.

Suggested Textbooks

Cowan, W. Maxwell, Jessell, Thomas M., and Zipursky, S. Lawrence. Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Neural Development. Oxford University Press, 1997.

Sanes, Dan H., Reh, Thomas A., and Harris, William A. Development of the Nervous System. Academic Press, 2000.

Zigmond, Michael J., Bloom, Floyd E., Landis, Story, Roberts, James L., and Squire, Larry R. Fundamental Neuroscience. Academic Press, 1999.

Required Reading


LEC	REVIEWS	TOPIC READINGS	ADDITIONAL READINGS


2. Neural Induction	Hemmati-Brivanlou, A., and D. Melton. "Vertebrate embryonic cells will become nerve cells unless told otherwise." Cell Vol. 88 (1997): 13-17. Streit, A. and C. D. Stern. "Neural induction, a bird’s eye view." Trends in Genetics Vol.15 (1999): 20-24.	Topic 1 Wilson, P. A., A. Hemmati-Brivanlou. "Induction of epidermis and inhibition of neural fate by Bmp-4." Nature Vol. 376 (1995): 331-333. Topic 2 Zimmerman, L. B., J. M. De Jesus-Escobar, and R. M. Harland. "The Spemann organizer signal noggin binds and inactivates bone morphogenetic protein 4." Cell Vol. 86 (1996): 599-606.	Streit, A., A. J. Berliner, C. Papanayotou, A. Sirulnik, and C. D. Stern. "Initiation of neural induction by FGF signalling before gastrulation." Nature 406 (2000): 74-78. Wilson, S. I., A. Rydstrom, T.Trimborn, K.Willert, R. Nusse, T. M. Jessell, and T. Edlund, "The status of Wnt signalling regulates neural and epidermal fates in the chick embryo." Nature 411 (2001): 325-330.


3. Establising the CNS Anterior/Posterior Axis	Sasai, Y., and E. M. De Robertis. "Ectodermal patterning in vertebrate embryos." Dev. Biol. Vol. 182 (1997): 5-20. Altaba, A. R. "Deconstructing the organizer." Nature 391 (1998): 748-49.	Topic 1 Piccolo, S., E. Agius, L. Leyns, S. Bhattacharyya, H. Grunz, T. Bouwmeester, and E. M. De Robertis. "The head inducer cerberus is a multifunctional antagonist of nodal, BMP and Wnt signals." Nature 397 (1999): 707-710. Topic 2 Mathis, L., P. M. Kulesa, and S. E. Fraser. "FGF receptor signalling is required to maintain neural progenitors during hensen's node progression." Nature Cell Bio. 3 (2001): 559-66.	Piotrowska, K., and M. Zernicka-Goetz. "Role from sperm in spatial patterning of the early mouse embryo." Nature 409 (2001): 517-521. Pedersen, R. A. "Sperm and mammalian polarity." Nature 409 (2001): 473-474.


4. Hox Genes and Segmental Organization of the Hindbrain and Spinal Cord	Guthrie, S. "The status of the neural segment." Trends Neurosci. 18 (1995):74-79. Stern, C. D. and A. C. Foley. "Moleccular Dissection of Hox gene induction and maintenance in the hindbrain." Cell 94 (1998): 143-45. Vasiliauskas, D., and C. D. Stern. "Patterning the embryonic axis: FGF signaling and how vertebrate embryos measure time." Cell 106 (2001): 133-36.	Topic 1 Fraser, S., R. Keynes, and A. Lumsden. "Segmentation in the chick embryo hindbrain is defined by cell lineage restrictions." Nature 344 (1990): 431-435. Topic 2 Bell, E., R. J. T. Wingate, and A. Lumsden. "Homeotic transformation of rhombomere identity after localized Hoxb1 misexpression." Nature Vol. 284 (1999): 2168-2171.	Duboule, D. "A hox by any other name." Nature 403 (2000): 607-10. Greer, J. M., J. Puetz, K. R. Thomas, and M. R. Capecchi. "Maintenance of functional equivalence during paralogous Hox gene evolution." Nature 403 (2000): 661-65.


5. The Spinal Cord Dorsal/Ventral Axis	Tanabe, Y., and T. M. Jessell. "Diversity and pattern in the developing spinal cord." Science 274 (1996): 1115-1123. Dodd, J., T. M. Jessell, and M. Placzek. "The when and where of floor plate induction." Science 282 (1998): 1654-57.	Topic 1 Simon, H., A. Hornbruch, and A. Lumsden. "Independent assignment of antero-posterior and dorso-ventral positional values in the developing chick hindbrain." Curr. Biol. Vol. 5 (1995): 205-214. Topic 2 Roelink, H., J. A. Porter, C. Chiang, Y. Tanabe, D. T. Chang, P. A. Beachy, and T. M. Jessell. "Floor plate and motor neuron induction by different concentrations of the amino-terminal cleavage product of sonic hedgehog autoproteolysis." Cell 81 (1995): 445-455.	Liem, K. F., G. Tremml, and T. M. Jessell." A role for the roof plate and its resident TGFb-related proteins in neuronal patterning in the dorsal spinal cord." Cell 91 (1997): 127-138.


6. Regionalization of the Embryonic Midbrain and Forebrain	Lumsden, A., and R. Krumlauf. "Patterning the vertebrate neuraxis." Science 274 (1996): 1109-1115. Rubenstein, J. L. R., S. Martinez, K. Shimamura, and L. Puelles. "The embryonic vertebrate forebrain: the prosomeric model." Science Vol. 266(1994): 578-580. Rubenstein, J. L. R., and P. A. Beachy. "Patterning of the embryonic forebrain." Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. Vol. 8 (1998): 18-26.	Topic 1 Shimamura, K., and J. L. R. Rubenstein. "Inductive interactions direct early regionalization of the mouse forebrain." Development 124 (1997): 2709-18. Topic 2 Agarwala, S., T. A. Sanders, and C. W. Ragsdale. "Sonic hedgehog control of size and shape in midbrain pattern formation." Science 291 (2001): 2147-50.	Figdor, M. C., and C. D. Stern. "Segmental organization of embryonic diencephalon." Nature 363 (1993): 630-634. Van Essen, D. C. "A tension-based theory of morphogenesis and compact wiring in the central nervous system." Nature 385 (1997): 313-318.


7. Lineage Studies	Dymecki, S. M., C. I. Rodriguez, and R. B. Awatramani. "Switching on lineage tracers using site-specific recombination." Methods Mol. Biol. 185 (2002): 309-334. Cepko C. L., E. Ryder, C. Austin, J. Golden, Fields-Berry, and J. Lin. "Lineage analysis using retroviral vectors." Methods 14 (1998): 393-406.	Topic 1 Walsh, C., and C. L. Cepko." Widespread dispersion of neuronal clones across functional regions of the cerebral cortex." Science 255 (1992): 434-440. Topic 2 Rodriquez, C. I., and S. M. Dymecki. "Orgin of the precerebellar system." Neuron 27 (2000): 475-86.	Lin, J. C., and C. L. Cepko. "Biphasic dispersion of clones containing Purkinje cells and glia in the developing chick cerebellum." Dev. Biol. 211 (1999): 177-197.


8. Neural Crest	Zigmond, M., "The Neural Crest." In Fundamental Neuroscience. 2nd edition.p 391-402. Knecht, A. K., and M. Bronner-Fraser. "Induction of the neural crest: A multigene process." Nature Reviews Genetics 3 (2002): 453-461.	Topic 1 Kulesa, P., M. Bronner-Fraser, and S. Fraser. "In ovo time-lapse analysis after dorsal neural tube ablation shows rerouting of chick hindbrain neural crest." Development 127 (2002): 2843-2852. Topic 2 Gammill, L. S., and M. Bronner-Fraser. "Genomic analysis of neural crest induction." Development 129 (2002): 5731-5741.	Bixby, X., G. M. Kruger, J. T. Mosher, N. M. Joseph, and S. J. Morrison. "Cell-intrinsic differences between stem cells from different regions of the peripheral nervous system regulate the generation of neural diversity." Neuron 35 (2002): 643-656. Kruger, G. M., J. T. Mosher, S. Bixby, N. Joseph, T. Iwashita, and S. J. Morrison. "Neural crest stem cells persist in the adult gut but undergo changes in self-renewal, neuronal subtype potential, and factor responsiveness." Neuron 35 (2002): 657-669.


9. Progression from Extrinsic to Intrinsic Signals of Cell Fate	Livesey, F. J., and C. L. Cepko. "Vertebrate neural cell-fate determination: lessons from the retina." Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2 (2001): 109-118.	Topic 1 Belliveau, M. J., and C. L. Cepko. "Extrinsic and intrinsic factors control the genesis of amacrine and cone cells in the rat retina." Development 126 (1999): 555-566. Topic 2 Briscoe, J., A. Pierani , T. M. Jessell, and J. Ericson. "A homeodomain protein code specifies progenitor cell identity and neuronal fate in the ventral neural tube." Cell 101 (2000): 435-45.	Lin, J. H., T. Saito, D. J. Anderson, C. Lance-Jones, T. M. Jessell, and S. Arber. "Functionally related motor neuron pool and muscle sensory afferent subtypes defined by coordinate ETS gene expression." Cell 95 (1998): 393-407. Gaiano, N., J. S. Nye, and G. Fishell. "Radial glial identity is promoted by Notch1 signaling in the murine forebrain." Neuron 26 (2000): 395-404.


10. Stem Cells	Anderson, D. J. "Stem cells and pattern formation in the nervous system: The possible versus the actual." Neuron 30 (2001): 19-35. Kruger, G. M., and S. J. Morrison. "Brain repair by endogenous progenitors." Cell 110 (2002): 399-402.	Topic 1 Lim, D. A., A. D. Tramontin, J. M. Trevejo, D. G. Herreara, J. M. Garcia-Verdugo, and A. Alvarez-Buylla. "Noggin antagonizes BMP signaling to create a niche from adult neurogenesis." Neuron 28 (2000): 713-726. Topic 2 Wu, P., Y. I. Tarasenko, Y. Gu, L. Y. Huang, R. E. Coggeshall, and Y. Yu. "Region-specific generation of cholinergic neurons from fetal human neural stem cells grafted in adult rat." Nat. Neurosci. 5 (2002): 1271-1278.	Ramalho-Santos, M., S. Yoon, Y. Matsuzaki, R. C. Mulligan, and D. A. Melton. "'Stemness': transcriptional profiling of embryonic and adult stem cells." Science 298 (2002): 597-600.


11. Asymmetric Cell Division	Knoblich, J. A. "Asymmetric cell division during animal development." Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. (2001): 11-20. Cayouette, M., and M. Raff. "Asymmetric segregation of Numb: a mechanism for neural specification from drosophila to mammals." Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002): 1265-1269.	Topic 1 Chenn, A., and S. K. McConnell. "Cleavage orientation and the asymmetric inheritance of Notch1 immunoreactivity in mammalian neurogenesis." Cell 82 (1995): 631-641. Topic 2 Kaltschmidt, J. A., C. M. Davidson, N. H. Brown, and A. H. Brand. "Rotation and asymmetry of the mitotic spindle direct asymmetric cell division in the developing central nervous system." Nature Cell Biology 2 (1999): 7-12	Lambert, J. D., and L. M. Nagy. "Asymmetric inheritance of centrosomally localized mRNAs during embryonic cleavages." Nature 12 (2002): 682-686. Silva, A. O., C. E. Ercole, and S. C. McLoon. "Plane of cell cleavage and numb distribution during cell division relative to cell differentiation in the developing retina." J. of Neuroscience 22 (2002): 7518-7525.


12. Neuronal Migration 1: Radial vs. Tangential Movement	Hatten, M. E. "New Directions in neuronal migration." Science 297 (2002): 1660-1663. Parnavelas, J. G. and B. Nadarajah. "Radial glial cells: Are they really glia?" Neuron 31 (2001): 881-884.	Topic 1 Tan, S., M. Kalloniatis, K. Sturm, P. P. L. Tam, B. E. Reese, and B. Faulkner-Jones. "Separate progenitors for radial and tangential cell dispersion during development of the cerebral neocortex." Neuron 21 (1998): 295-304. Topic 2 McEvilly, R. J., M. O. de Diaz, , M. D. Schonemann, F. Hooshmand, and M. G. Rosenfeld. "Transcriptional regulation of cortical neuron migration by POU domain factors." Science 295 (2002): 1528-1532.	Vogel, G. "Missized mutants help identify organ tailors." Science 297 (2002): 328- Chenn, A., and C. A. Walsh. "Regulation of cerebral cortical size by control of cell cycle exit in neural precursors." Science 297 (2002): 365-369.


13. Cell Death	Kuan, C., K. A. Roth, R. A. Flavell, and P. Rakic. "Mechanisms of programmed cell death in the developing brain." Trends Neurosci. 23 (2000): 291-297. Voyvodic, J. T. "Cell death in cortical development: How much? Why? So What?" Neuron Vol. 16 (1996): 693-696. Raff, M. "Cell suicide for beginners." Nature 396 (1998): 119-22.	Topic 1 Blaschke, A. J., K. Staley, and J. Chun. "Widespread programmed cell death in proliferative and postmitotic regions of the fetal cerebral cortex." Development Vol. 122 (1996): 1165-1174. Topic 2 Kuida K., T. F. Haydar, C. Y. Kuan, Y. Gu, C. Taya, H. Karasuyama, M. S. Su, P. Rakic, and R. A. Flavell. "Reduced apoptosis and cytochrome c-mediated caspase activation in mice lacking caspase 9." Cell 94 (1998): 325-37.	Mattson M.P. "Apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders." Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 1 (2000): 120-29. Frade, J. M., and Y. Barde. "Microglia-derived nerve growth factor causes cell death in the developing retina." Neuron 20 (1998): 35-41.


14. Growth Factors	Huang, E. J., and L. F. Reichardt. "Neurotrophins: Roles in neuronal development and function." Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 24 (2001): 677-736.	Topic 1 Zhang, H., D. B. Moheban, B. R. Conway, A. Bhattacharyya, and R. A. Segal. "Cell surface Trk receptors mediate NGF-induced survival while internalized receptors regulate NGF-induced differentiation." J. Neurosci. 20 (2000): 5671-78. Topic 2 Ma, L., T. Harada, C. Harada, M. Romero, J. M. Hebert, S. K. McConnell, and L. F. Parada. "Neurotrophin-3 is required for appropriate establishment of thalamocortical connections." Neuron 36 (2002): 623-634.	Kang, H., and E. M. Schuman. "Long-lasting neurotrophin-induced enhancement of synaptic transmission in the adult hippocampus." Science 267 (1995): 1658-62. Meyer-Franke, A., G. A. Wilkinson, A. Kruttgen, M. Hu, E. Munro, M. G. Hanson, L. F. Reichardt, and B. A. Barres . "Depolarization and cAMP elevation rapidly recruit trkB to the plasma membrane of CNS neurons." Neuron Vol. 21 (1998): 681-693.


15. Axon Guidance 1: Cues, Receptors, and Downstream Signalling Pathways	Dickson, B. J. "Molecular mechanisms of axon guidance." Science 298 (2002): 1959-1964.	Topic 1 Stein, E., and M. Tessier-Lavigne." Hierarchical organization of guidance receptors: Silencing of netrin attraction by slit through a robo/DCC receptor complex." Science 291 (2001): 1928-38. Topic 2 Schmucker, D., J. C. Clemens , H. Shu , C. A. Worby , J. Xiao , M. Muda , J. E. Dixon, and S. L. Zipursky "Drosophila dscam is an axon guidance receptor exhibiting extraordinary molecular diversity." Cell 101 (2000): 671-84.	Hong, K., Hinck, M. Nishiyama, M-M. Poo, M. Tessier-Lavigne, and E. Stein. "A ligand-gated association between cytoplasmic domains of UNC5 and DCC family receptors converts netrin-induced growth cone attraction to repulsion." Cell 97, (1999): 927-41. Wu, Q., and T. Maniatis. "A striking organization of a large family of human neural cadherin-like cell adhesion genes." Cell 97 (1999): 779-90.


16. Axon Guidance 2: Cues, Receptors, and Downstream Signalling Pathways		Topic 1 Polleux, F., T. Morrow, and A. Ghosh. "Semaphorin 3A is a chemoattractant for cortical apical dendrites." Nature 404 (2000): 567-73. Topic 2 Ming, G., S. T. Wong, J. Henley, X. Yuan, H. Song, N. C. Spitzer, and M. Poo. "Adaptation in the chemotactic guidance of nerve growth cones." Nature 417 (2002): 411-418.	Hopker, V. H., D. Shewan, M. Tessier-Lavigne, M-M. Poo, and C. Holt. "Growth-cone attraction to netrin-1 is converted to repulsion by laminin-1." Nature 401 (1999): 69-73. Song, H., G. Ming, Z. He, M. Lehmann, L. McKerraccher, M. Tessier-Lavigne, and M. Poo. "Conversion of neuronal growth cone responses from repulsion to attraction by cyclic nucleotides." Science 281 (1998): 1515-1518.


17. Map Formation 1: The Retinotectal System - Chemical and Molecular Gradients	Wilkinson, D. G. "Multiple roles of EPH receptors and ephrins in neural development." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2 (2001): 155-164. Schmucker, D. and S. L. Zipursky. "Signaling downstream of eph receptors and ephrin ligands." Cell 105 (2001): 701-04.	Topic 1 Nakamoto, M., H. Cheng, G. C. Friedman, T. McLaughlin, M. J. Hansen, C. H. Yoon, D. D. M. O’Leary, and J. G. Flanagan. "Topographically specific effects of ELF-1 on retinal axon guidance in vitro and retinal axon mapping in vivo." Cell 86 (1996): 755-766. Topic 2 Lu, Q., E. E. Sun, R. S. Klein, and J. G. Flanagan. "Ephrin-B reverse signaling is mediated by a novel PDZ-RGS protein and selectively inhibits G protein-coupled chemoattraction." Cell 105 (2001): 69-79.	Brown, A., P. A. Yates, P. Burrola, D. Ortuno, A. Vaidya, J. M. Jessell, S. L. Pfaff, D. D. M. O'Leary, and G. Lemke. "Topographic mapping from the retina to the midbrain is controlled by relative but not absolute levels of epha receptor signaling." Cell 102 (2000): 77-88.


18. Neuronal Migration 2: Long Distance Travel	Tan, S. "Developmental Neurobiology: Cortical liars." Nature 417 (2002): 605-606. Rakic, P. "Discriminating migrations." Nature 400 (1999): 315-316. Maricich, S. M., E. C. Gilmore, and K. Herrup. "The role of tangential migration in the establishment of mammalian cortex." Neuron 31 (2001): 175-78.	Topic 1 Lois, C., J. M. Garcia-Verdugo, A. Alvarez-Buyalla. "Chain Migration of Neuronal Precursors." Science 271 (1996): 978-81. Topic 2 Anderson, S. A., D. D. Eisenstat, L. Shi, and J. L. R. Rubenstein. "Interneuron migration from basal forebrain to neocortex: Dependence on Dlx genes." Science 278 (1997): 474-76.	Wu, W., K. Wong, J-H. Chen, Z-H. Jiang, S. Dupuis, JY. WU, Y. Rao. "Directional guidance of neuronal migration in the olfactory system by the protein slit." Nature 400 (1999): 331-336.


19. Map Formation 2: The Olfactory System - Representing Smells in the Brain	Ranganathan, R., and L. B. Buck. "Olfactory axon pathfinding: Who is the pied piper?" Neuron 35 (2002): 599-600. Mombaerts, P. "How smell develops." Nature Neurosci. Supp. 4 (2001): 1192-1197.	Topic 1 Uchida, N., Y. K. Takahashi, M. Tanifuji, and K. Mori. "Odor maps in the mammalian olfactory bulb: domain organization and odorant structural features." Nature Neurosci. Vol 3 (2000): 1035-1043. Topic 2 Zou, Z., L. F. Horowitz, J. Montmayeur, S. Snapper, and L. B. Buck. "Genetic tracing reveals a sterotyped sensory map in the olfactory cortex." Nature Vol. 414 (2001): 173-179.	Belluscio, L., C. Lodovichi, P. Feinstein, P. Mombaerts, and L. C. Katz. "Odorant receptors instruct functional circuitry in the mouse olfactory bulb." Nature 419: 296-300. Vassalli, A., A. Rothman, P. Feinstein, M. Zapotocky, and P. Mombaerts. "Minigenes impart odorant receptor-specific axon guidance in the olfactory bulb." Neuron 35 (2002): 681-696.


20. Cortical Regionalization: Specification of Cerebral Cortical Areas	Rakic, P. "Specification of cerebral cortical areas." Science Vol 241 (1988): 170-176. Merzenich, M. "Seeing in the sound zone." Nature Vol 404 (2000): 820-821. Pallas, S. L. "Intrinsic and extrinsic factors that shape neocortical specification." Trends Neurosci 24 (2001): 417-23.	Topic 1 Miyashita-Lin E. M., R. Hevner, K. Montzka-Wassarman, S. Martinez, J. L. R. Rubenstein. "Early neocortical regionalization in the absence of thalamic innervation." Science 285 (1999): 906-909. Topic 2 Sharma, J., A. Angelucci, and M. Sur. "Induction of visual orientation modules in auditory cortex." Nature 404 (2000): 841-847.	Bishop, K. M., G. Goudreau, and D. D. M. O'Leary. "Regulation of area identity in the mammalian neocortex by emx-2 and pax-6." Science 288 (2000): 344-349. Sestan, N., P. Rakic, and M. J. Donoghue. "Independent parcellation of the embryonic visual cortex and thalamus revealed by combinatorial Eph/ephrin gene expression." Current Biology 11 (2001): 39-43. Fukuchi-Shimogori, T., and E. A. Grove. "Neocortex patterning by the secreted signaling molecule FGF8." Science 294 (2001): 1071-74.


21. Activity Dependent Development 1: The Visual and Auditory Systems	Wiesel, T. N. "Postnatal development of the visual cortex and the influence of environment." Nature Vol. 299 (1982): 583-591. Knudsen, E. I. "Instructed learning in the auditory localization pathway of the barn owl." Nature Vol. 417 (2002): 322-328. Read this one for fun: Hubel, D. H., and T. N. Wiesel. "Early exploration of the visual cortex." Neuron 3 (1998): 401-12.	Topic 1 Fagiolini, M., and T. Hensch. "Inhibitory threshold for critical-period activation in primary visual cortex." Nature Vol. 404 (2000): 183-6. Topic 2 Brainard, M. S., and E. I. Knudsen. "Sensitive periods for visual calibration of the auditory space map in the barn owl optic tectum." J Neurosci Vol. 18 (1998): 3929-42.	Rittenhouse, C. D., H. Z. Shouval, M. A. Paradiso, and M. F. Bear. "Monocular deprivation induces homosynaptic long-term depression in visual cortex." Nature 397 (1999): 347-50. Linkenhoker, B. A., and E. I. Knudsen. "Incremental training increases the plasticity of the auditory space map in adult barn owls." Nature Vol. 419 (2002): 258-9.


22. Activity Dependent Development 2: Plasticity Genes	Nedivi, E. "Molecular analysis of development plasticity in neocortex." J. Neurobiol. 41 (1999): 135-147.	Topic 1 Gordon, J. A.,D. Cioffi, A. J. Silva, and M. P. Stryker. "Deficient plasticity in the primary visual cortex of a-Calcium/Calmoudulin-dependent protein kinase II mutant mice." Neuron 17 (1996): 491-499. Topic 2 Cantallops, I., K. Haas, and H. T. Cline. "Postsynaptic CPG15 promotes synaptic maturation and presynaptic axon arbor elaboration in vivo." Nature Neurosci. 3 (2000): 1004 -1011.	Tu, J. C., B. Xiao, J. P. Yuan, A. A. Lanahan, K. Leoffert, M. Li, D. J. Linden, and P. F. Worley. "Homer binds a novel proline-rich motif and links group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors with IP3 receptors." Neuron 21 (1998): 717.


23. Synapse Formation	Sanes, J. R., and J. W. Lichtman. "Induction, assembly, maturation and maintenance of a postsynaptic apparatus." Nat Rev Neuroscience 11 (2001): 791-805. Cohen-Cory, S. "The developing synapse: Construction and modulation of synaptic structures and circuits." Science 298 (2002): 770-776.	Topic 1 Scheiffele, P., J. Fan, J. Choih, R. Fetter, and T. Serafinin. "Neuroligin expressed in nonneuronal cells triggers presynaptic development in contacting axons." Cell 101 (2000): 657-669. Topic 2 Keller-Peck, C. R., M. K. Walsh, W. B. Gan, G. Feng, J. R. Sanes, and J. W. Lichtman."Asynchronous synapse elimination in neonatal motor units: studies using GFP transgenic mice." Neuron Supp. 31 (2001): 381-94.	Fong, D. K., and A. M. Craig. "The Narp Hypothesis?" Neuron 23 (1999): 195-197. Harlow, M. L., D. Ress, A. Stoschek, R. M. Marshall, and J. McMahan. "The architecture of active zone material at the frog’s neuromuscular junction." Nature 409 (2001): 479-84.

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