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Readings

Useful Texts

Auerbach, A., and M. Feldstein. Handbook of Public Economics Vol. 1 & 2. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1985 and 1987.
Atkinson, A, and J. Stiglitz. Lectures in Public Economics. New York: McGraw Hill, 1980.
Laffont, J. Fundamentals of Public Economics. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988.
Myles, G. Public Economics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Pechman, J. Federal Tax Policy. 5th ed. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1987.
Stiglitz, J. Economics of the Public Sector. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1988.

1. Public goods

1.1 Efficient Public Goods Provision

Atkinson, A., and N. Stern. "Pigou, Taxation and Public Goods." In Review of Economic Studies 41, 1974, pp. 119-128.
C. Ballard, and D. Fullerton. "Distortionary Taxes and the Provision of Public Goods." In Journal of Economic Perspectives 6, Summer 1992, pp. 117-131.
Boadway, R., and M. Keen. "Public Goods, Self-Selection and Optimal Income Taxation." International Economic Review v34, n3, August 1993, pp. 463-78.
Gaube, T. "When do Distortionary Taxes Reduce the Optimal Supply of Public Goods?" In Journal of Public Economics 76, May 2000, pp. 151-180.
Kaplow, L. "The Optimal Supply of Public Goods and the Distortionary Cost of Taxation." In National Tax Journal v49, n4, December 1996, pp. 513-33.
King, M. "A Pigouvian Rule for the Optimal Provision of Public Goods." In Journal of Public Economics 30, 1986, pp. 273-292.
Laffont, J. Chap. 2.
Morgan, J. "Financing Public Goods by Means of Lotteries." In Mimeo. Princeton, 1996.
Pirtill??, Jukka, and Matti Tuomala. "On optimal nonlinear taxation and public good provision in an overlapping generations economy." In Journal of Public Economics 79, 3, March 2001, pp. 485-502.
Samuelson. P. "The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure." In Review of Economics and Statistics 36, November 1954, pp. 387-389.

1.2 Providing Public Goods with Asymmetric Information: Preference Revelation

Atkinson, A., and J. Stiglitz. Chap. 10.
Laffont, J. Chap. 4 and 5.
Sen. A. Chap. 1-3 In Collective Choice and Social Welfare. San Francisco: Holden Day, 1970.
Tideman, N., and G. Tullock. "A New and Superior Process for Making Social Choices," In Journal of Political Economy 84, 1976, pp. 1145-1159.
Varian, H. "A Solution to the Problem of Externalities When Agents Are Well-Informed." In American Economic Review 84, December 1994, pp. 1278-1293.

1.3 Voluntary Private Provision of Public Goods and Private Charity

Andreoni, J. "Impure Altruism and Donation to Public Goods; A Theory of Warm Glow Giving." In Economic Journal 100, 1990, pp. 464-477.
___. "An Experimental Test of the Public Goods Crowding Out Hypothesis." In American Economic Review 83, December 1993, pp. 1317-1327.
Bergstrom, T., L. Blume, and H. Varian. "On the Private Provision of Public Goods." In Journal of Public Economics 29, 1986, pp. 25-49.
Demsetz, H. "The Private Production of Public Goods." In Journal of Law and Economics 13, 1970, pp. 293-306.
Hansmann, H. "Nonprofit Enterprise in the Performing Arts." In Bell Journal of Economics 12, 1981, pp. 341-361.
Kingma, B. "An Accurate Measurement of the Crowd-Out Effect, Income Effect, and Price Effect for Charitable Contributions." In Journal of Political Economy 97, October 1989, pp. 1197-1207.
Kagel, J., and A. Roth, J. Ledyard. "Public Goods: A Survey of Experimental Research." In, eds., The Handbook of Experimental Economics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995, pp. 111-194.
Roberts, R. "Financing Public Goods." In Journal of Political Economy 95, 1987, pp. 420-437.
Steinberg, Richard. Voluntary Donations and Public Expenditures in a Federalist System.
The American Economic Review Vol. 77, No. 1. Mar. 1987, pp. 24-36.

1.4 Income Tax Deduction of Charitable Donations

Atkinson, A. B. "The Income Tax Treatment of Charitable Contributions." In Public and Urban Economics: Essays in the Honor of William S. Vickrey, ed. R Grieson, NY DC Heath, 1976.
Clotfelter, C. Federal Tax Policy and Charitable Giving. Chicago Press, 1985.
___. "The Impact of Tax Reform on Charitable Giving: A 1989 Perspective," In J. Slemrod, ed. Do Taxes Matter?, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990, pp. 203-235.
M Feldstein. A Contribution to the Theory of Tax Expenditures; The Case of Charitable Giving, The Economics of Taxation., ed. H Aaron, and M. Boskin, 99-122. Brookings, 1980.
Reece, W., and K. Zieschung. "Consistent Estimation of the Impact of Tax Deductibility on the Level of Charitable Contributions." In Econometrica 54, 1985, pp. 271-293.
Saez, E. "The Optimal Treatment of Tax Expenditures." In NBER WP 8037, 2000.
___. "The Desirability of Commodity Taxation under Non-Linear Income Taxation and Heterogeneous Tastes." In NBER WP 8029, 2000.

2. Tax Treatment of Donations, Gifts and Estates

2.1 Background

2.1.1 Individual Motivation

Altonji, J., F. Hayashi, and L. Kotlikoff. "Parental Altruism and Inter Vivos Transfers: Theory and Evidence." In Journal of Political Economy 105, December 1997, pp. 1121-1166.
Bernheim, A., A. Shleifer, and L. Summers. "The Strategic Bequest Motive." In Journal of Political Economy 93, December 1985, pp. 1045-1076.
Carroll, Christopher D. "Why do the rich save so much." In Joel B Slemrod (ed.) "Does Atlas Shrug?" The Economic Consequences of Taxing the Rich. Harvard University Press, 2000.
Hurd, M. "Savings of the Elderly and Desired Bequests." In American Economic Review 77, 1987, pp. 298-312.
___. "Mortality Risk and Bequests." In Econometrica 57, 1989, pp. 779-813.
Kotlikoff, L. "Intergenerational Transfers and Saving." In Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2, Spring 1988, pp. 41-58.
Modigliani. F. "The Role of Intergenerational Transfers and Lifecycle Saving in the Accumulation of Wealth." In Journal of Economic Perspectives 2, Spring 1988, pp. 15-40.
Wilhelm, M. "Bequest Behavior and the Effect of Heirs Earnings: Testing the Altruistic Model of Bequests." In American Economic Review 86, September 1996, pp. 874-892.

2.1.2 Annuities

Brown, J. "Are the Elderly Really Over-Annuitized? New Evidence on Life Insurance and Bequests." In D. Wise, ed., Themes in the Economics of Aging. University of Chicago Press for NBER, 2001.
___. "Differential Mortality and the Value of Individual Account Retirement Annuities." In NBER Working Paper No. 7560, 2000 and forthcoming in M. Feldstein, and J. Liebman, The Distributional Effects of Social Security Reform. University of Chicago Press for NBER.
___. "How Should We Insure Longevity Risk in Pensions and Social Security?" In Center for Retirement Research Issue in Brief. August 2000.
___. "Mortality Risk, Inflation Risk, and Annuity Products." In NBER Working Paper No. 7812, 2000 and forthcoming in Z. Bodie, B. Hammond, O. Mitchell, and S. Zeldes, Financial Innovations in Retirement Income. University of Pennsylvania Press for the Pension Research Council.
___. "Private Pensions, Mortality Risk, and the Decision to Annuitize." In Journal of Public Economics Vol. 82, No. 1, October 2001.
___. "Redistribution and Insurance: Mandatory Annuitization with Mortality Heterogeneity." In Center for Retirement Research Working Paper. March 2001.
Brown, J., and J. Poterba. "Joint Life Annuities and the Demand for Annuities by Married Couples." In The Journal of Risk and Insurance. December 2000.
Brown, J., and M. Warshawsky. "Longevity-Insured Retirement Distributions from Pension Plans: Regulatory and Market Issues." forthcoming, in W. Gale, J. Shoven and M.
Brown, J., O. Mitchell, and J. Poterba. "The Role of Real Annuities and Indexed Bonds in an Individual Accounts Retirement Program." In J. Campbell and M. Feldstein, RiskAspects of Investment-Based Social Security Reform. University of Chicago Press for NBER, 2001.
Brown, J., O. Mitchell, J. Poterba, and M. Warshawsky. "Taxing Retirement Income: Non-Qualified Annuities and Distributions from Qualified Accounts." In The National Tax Journal Vol. LII, No. 3, September 1999.
___. The Role of Annuities in Financing Retirement. MIT Press, 2002.
Brugiavini, A. "Uncertainty Resolution and the Timing of Annuity Purchases." In Journal of Public Economics 50, 1993, pp. 31-62.
Davidoff, T., J. Brown, and P. Diamond. "Annuities and Individual Welfare." MIT, unpublished, 2001.
Friedman, B., and M. Warshawsky. "The Cost of Annuities: Implications for Saving Behavior and Bequests." In Quarterly Journal of Economics 105, 1990, pp. 135-154.
Kotlikoff, L., and A. Spivak. "The Family as an Incomplete Annuities Market." In Journal of Political Economy 89, 1981, pp. 372-291.
Mitchell, O., J. Poterba, M. Warshawsky, and J. Brown. "New Evidence on the Money's Worth of Individual Annuities." In American Economic Review Vol. 89, No. 5, December, 1999.
Warhsawsky. Public Policies and Private Pensions. Brookings Institution.

2.2 Taxing Gifts to Individuals

Kaplow, Louis. "A note on subsidizing gifts." JPubE, 1995, 58, pp. 469-478.

2.3 Estate Taxes

Aaron, H., and A. Munnell. "Reassessing the Role for Wealth Transfer Taxes." In National Tax Journal 45, June 1992, pp. 119-144.
Arrondel, L., and A. Laferrere. "Taxation and Wealth Transmission in France." In Journal of Public Economics 79, January 2001, pp. 1 and 3-33.
Bernheim, B. "Does the Estate Tax Raise Revenue?" In L. Summers, ed., Tax Policy and the Economy Vol. 1, 1986, pp. 121-132.
Bernheim, B., R. Lemke, and J. Scholz. "Do Estate and Gift Taxes Affect the Timing of Private Transfers." In NBER Working Paper 8333, June, 2001.
Cremer, H., and P. Pestieau. "Non-linear Taxation of Bequests, Equal Sharing Rules, and the Trade-off Between Intra and Inter-Family Inequalities." In Journal of Public Economics 79, January 2001, 1, pp. 35-53.
Gale, William G., James R. Hines, Jr. and Joel Slemrod, ed.s, "Rethinking Estate and Gift Taxation." Washington: Brookings Institution.
Gale, W.G., and J. B. Slemrod. "We Tax Dead People." In WP, Office of Tax Policy Research. University of Michigan Business School. (also in Gale, Hines and Slemrod).
Gokhale, J. L.J. Kotlikoff, J. Sefton, and M. Weale. "Simulating the Transmission of Wealth Inequality via Bequests." In Journal of Public Economics 79, January 2001, 1, pp. 93-128.
Hochguertel, Stefan, and Henry Ohlsson. Compensatory inter vivos giftsi. unpublished, 2000.
Joulfaian, D. "Estate Taxes and Charitable Bequests by the Wealthy." In National Tax Journal. 2000, 53, pp. 743-764.
Jousten, A. "Life-cycle Modeling of Bequests and their Impact on Annuity Valuation." In Journal of Public Economics 79, January 2001, 1, pp. 149-177.
Kaplow, L. "A Framework for Assessing Estate and Gift Taxation." In NBER Writing Paper 7775, 2000.
Kopczuk, W. "The Trick is to Live: Is the Estate Tax Social Security for the Rich?" unpublished, University of Michigan.
Laitner, J., and H. Ohlsson. "Bequest Motives: A Comparison of Sweden and the United States." In Journal of Public Economics 79, January 2001, 1, pp. 205-236.
McGarry, K. "The Cost of Equality: Unequal Bequests and Tax Avoidance." In Journal of Public Economics 79, January 2001, 1, 179-204.
___. "Inter Vivos Transfers or Bequests? Estate Taxes and the Timing of Parental Giving." In Tax Policy and the Economy 2000, 14, 93-122.
Poterba, J. "The Estate Tax and After-Tax Investment Returns." In NBER Working Paper 6337, December 1997.
___. "The Estate and Gift Tax and Inter Vivos Giving in the United States." In Journal of Public Economics 79, January 2001, 1, 237-264.
Papers from CRR conference, October, 2001

3. Social Security

3.1. Social Insurance Theory

Akerlof, G. "The Market for Lemons." In Quarterly Journal of Economics 85. 1970, pp. 488-500. In P. Diamond & M. Rothschild, Uncertainty in Economics. New York: Academic Press, Revised Edition, 1989.
Atkinson, A.B. "Income Maintenance and Social Insurance." In A. Auerbach and M. Feldstein. eds., Handbook of Public Economics Vol. 2, Amsterdam: North Holland, 1987, pp. 779-908.
Diamond, P. "A Framework for Social Security Analysis." In Journal of Public Economics 8, 1977, pp. 275-298.
___. "Issues in Social Insurance." 1993. In Jacobs, Kalai and Kamein eds., Nancy L. Schwartz Memorial Lecture, Northwestern University in Frontiers of Research In Economic Theory: The Nancy L. Schwartz Memorial Lectures, 1983-1997. Cambridge University Press, 1998.
___. "Government Provision and Regulation of Economic Support in Old Age." In Bruno and Pleskovic (eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics. 1995, Washington DC: The World Bank. pp. 83-103.
Feldstein, M. "Social Insurance." In Public Policy 25, 1977, pp. 81-115.
___. "Seven Principles of Social Insurance." In Challenge. November 1976.
Rothschild, M., and J. Stiglitz. "Equilibrium in Competitive Insurance Markets." In Quarterly Journal of Economics 91, 1976, pp. 629-649.
Shavell, S. "On Moral Hazard and Insurance." In Quarterly Journal of Economics 93, 1979, pp. 541-562. (also Section 6, "Experience Rating." In Mimeo).
Shiller, Robert J. Macro Markets. Clarendon Press Oxford, 1993.
von, J., Weizsaecker. Hayek's obvious corollary. Unpublished, University of Munich, 2000.
Wilson, C. "The Nature of Equilibrium in Markets with Adverse Selection." In Bell Journal of Economics. Spring 1980, pp. 108-130.

3.2 Within Cohort Theoretical Models

Diamond, P. Munich Lectures. MIT mimeo:
- Chap. 3 "Models of Optimal Lifetime Taxation with Time-Consistent Preferences."
- Chap. 4 "Models of Optimal Lifetime Taxation with Time-Inconsistent Preferences."
- Chap. 6 "Models of Optimal Retirement Incentives with Varying Disutility of Labor."
- Chap. 7 "Models of Optimal Retirement Incentives with Varying Life Expectancy."
Diamond, P., and J. Mirrlees. "A Model of Social Insurance with Variable Retirement." In Journal of Public Economics 10, 1978, pp. 295-336.
___. "Social Insurance with Variable Retirement and Private Saving." In Journal of Public Economics (forthcoming).
___. "Payroll-Tax Financed Social Security with Variable Retirement." In Scandinavian Journal of Economics 88, 1986, pp. 25-50.
Eckstein, Z., M. Eichenbaum, and D. Peled. "Uncertain Lifetimes and the Welfare Enhancing Properties of Annuity Markets and Social Security." In Journal of Public Economics 26, 1985, 303-326.
Feldstein, M. "Should Social Security Be Means Tested?" In Journal of Political Economy 95, 1987, pp. 468-484.
___. "Should Social Security Benefits Increase with Age?" In NBER Working Paper #2200, March 1987.
Hubbard, R. G., and K. Judd. "Social Security and Individual Welfare: Precautionary Saving, Borrowing Constraints, and the Payroll Tax." In American Economic Review. September 1987, pp. 630-646.

3.3 Social Security, Saving, and Benefit Adequacy Issues

Banks, J., R. Blundell, and S. Tanner. "Is There a Retirement Savings Puzzle?" In American Economic Review 88, 1998, pp. 769-788.
Bernheim, D. "Dissaving After Retirement: Testing the Pure Lifecycle Hypothesis." In Z. Bodie, J. Shoven, and D. Wise, eds., Issues in Pension Economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, pp. 237-283.
___. "The Economic Effects of Social Security: Toward a Reconciliation of Theory and Measurement." In Journal of Public Economics 33, 1987, pp. 273-304.
___. "How Strong are Bequest Motives? Evidence Based on Estimates of the Demand for Life Insurance and Annuities." In Journal of Political Economy 93, December 1985, pp. 1045-1076.
Bernheim, D., J. Skinner, and S. Weinberg. "What Accounts for the Variation in Retirement Wealth Among U.S. Households?" In American Economic Review 91, 2001, pp. 832-857.
Brien, M. J., S. Dickert-Conlin, and D. A. Weaver. "Widows Waiting to Wed? (Re)Marriage and Economic Incentives in Social Security Widow Benefits." unpublished, 2000.
Brown, J., and J. Poterba. "Joint Life Annuities and Annuity Demand by Married Couples." In Mimeo. MIT, 1998.
Diamond, P., and J. Hausman. "Individual Retirement and Savings Behavior." In Journal of Public Economics 23, 1984, pp. 81-114.
Duggan, J., R. Gillingham, and J. Greenlees. "Progressive Returns to Social Security? An Answer from Social Security Records." In U.S. Treasury Department Working Paper #9501. November 1995.
Edwards, S. "Why are Savings Rates so Different Across Countries? An International Comparative Analysis." In NBER Working Paper #5097. April 1995.
Gale, W. "The Effects of Pensions on Household Wealth: A Re-Evaluation of Theory and Evidence." In Journal of Political Economy 106, August 1998, pp. 706-723.
Gustman, A., and T. Steinmeier. "How Effective is Redistribution Under the Social Security Benefit Formula?" In NBER Working Paper #7597. 2000.
Hamermesh, D. "Consumption During Retirement: The Missing Link in the Life-Cycle Hypothesis." In Review of Economics and Statistics 66, 1984, pp. 1-7.
Feldstein, M. "Social Security, Induced Retirement, and Aggregate Capital Accumulation." In Journal of Political Economy 82, 1974, pp. 905-926.
___. "Social Security and Private Saving: Reply." In Journal of Political Economy 90, 1982, pp. 630-642.
Gustman, A., and B. Steinmeyer. "Effects of Pensions on Savings: Analysis with Data From the Health and Retirement Survey." In Mimeo. Dartmouth College.
Holden, K. C., and C. Zick. "Insuring against the Consequences of Widowhood in a Reformed Social Security System." Arnold, R. Douglas, Michael J. Graetz, and Alicia H., 1998.
Munnell. "Framing the Social Security Debate, Values, Politics, and Economics." Washington: National Academy of Social Insurance, distributed by Brookings Institution Press.
Hurd, M. "Research on the Elderly: Economic Studies, Retirement, and Consumption and Saving." In Journal of Economic Literature 28, June 1990, pp. 565-637.
Kotlikoff, L. A. Spivak, and L. Summers. "The Adequacy of Savings." In American Economic Review 72, 1982, pp. 1056-1069.
Leimer, D., and S. Lesnoy. "Social Security and Private Saving: New Time-Series Evidence." In Journal of Political Economy 90, 1982, pp. 606-629.
Shaw, L., and H. Yi. "Which Elderly Women Become Poor After Widowhood?" In Working Paper, Institute for Women's Policy Research. 1997.

3.3.1 Early entitlement age

Burkhauser, R. K. Couch, and J. Phillips. "Who Takes Early Social Security Benefits? The Economic and Health Characteristics of Early Beneficiaries." In The Gerontologist 36, 1996, pp. 789-799.
CBO, Raising the earliest eligibility age for social security benefits, 1999.
GAO, Social security reform: implications of raising the retirement age, 1999.
Gruber, Mark Hayward, Diane Macunovich, Rudolph Penner, Joseph Quinn, John Rust, Dallas Salisbury, Andrew Samwick, Eugene Steuerle, Lawrence Thompson, Shripad
Kingson, E., and Y. Arsenault. "The diversity of risk among age-62 retired worker beneficiaries." In CRR WP. 2000-08.
Leonesio, M. V., D. R. Vaughn, and B. Wixon. "Early Retirees under Social Security: Health Status and Economic Resources." In Social Security Bulletin 64, 4, 2000, pp. 1-16.
Social Security Advisory Board, "Implications of Raising the Social Security Retirement Age." presentations by Richard Burkhauser, Gary Burtless, Leora Friedberg, Jonathan.
Tuljapurkar, David Walker, Carolyn Weaver, John Wilkin. October 13, 1998.

3.4 Social Security and Labor Supply

Baker, M. "The Retirement Behavior of Married Couples: Evidence from the Spouse's Allowance." In NBER Working Paper #7138. May 1999.
Baker, M., and D. Benjamin. "Early Retirement Provisions and the Labour Force Behavior of Older Men: Some Evidence from Canada." In Journal of Labor Economics 17, 1999, pp. 724-756.
Baker, M., and D. Benjamin. "How do Retirement Tests Affect the Labor Supply of Older Men?" In Journal of Public Economics 72, 1999, pp. 27-51.
Blau, D. "Labor Force Dynamics of Older Men." In Econometrica 62, 1994, pp. 117-156.
Burtless, G. "Social Security, Unanticipated Benefit Increases, and the Timing of Retirement." In Review of Economic Studies. 1986, pp. 781-805.
Burtless, G., and R. Moffitt. "The Effect of Social Security Benefits on the Labor Supply of the Aged." In H. Aaron and G. Burtless, eds., Retirement and Economic Behavior. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1984, pp. 135-175.
Coile, C., P. Diamond, J. Gruber, and A. Jousten. "Delays in Claiming Social Security Benefits." In Mimeo. MIT, 1999.
Coile, C., and J. Gruber. "Social Security and Retirement." In NBER Working Paper #7830. August 2000.
Costa, D. "Pensions and Retirement: Evidence from Union Army Veterans." In Quarterly Journal of Economics 110, May 1995, pp. 297-319.
Crawford, V., and D. Lilien. "Social Security and the Retirement Decision." In Quarterly Journal of Economics 96, August 1981, pp. 505-529.
Diamond, P., and J. Hausman. "Retirement and Unemployment Behavior of Older Men. " In H. Aaron, and G. Burtless, eds., Retirement and Economic Behavior. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1984, pp. 97-135.
Diamond, P., and J. Gruber. "Social Security and Retirement in the United States." In Jonathan Gruber and David Wise, eds., Social Security and Retirement Around the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999, pp. 437-474.
Feldstein, M., and A. Samwick. "Social Security Rules and Marginal Tax Rates." In National Tax Journal 65, 1992, pp. 1-22.
Fields, G., and O. Mitchell. "Economic Determinants of the Optimal Retirement Age: An Empirical Investigation." In Journal of Human Resources 19, Winter 1984, pp. 245-262.
Friedberg, L. "The Social Security Earnings Test and Labor Supply of the Elderly." In NBER Working Paper #7200, June 1999.
Gruber, J., and D. Wise. "Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World: Introduction and Summary." In Jonathan Gruber and David Wise, eds., Social Security and Retirement Around the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999, pp. 1-36.
Gruber, J., and P. Orszag. "Does the Social Security Earnings Test Affect Labor Supply and Benefits Receipt?" In NBER Working Paper #7923. September 2000.
Gustman, A., and T. Steinmeier. "The 1983 Social Security Reforms and Labor Supply Adjustment of Older Individuals in the Long Run." In Journal of Labor Economics 3, 1985, pp. 237-253.
Hausman, J., and D. Wise. "Social Security, Health Status, and Retirement." In D. Wise, ed., Pensions, Labor, and Individual Choice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985, pp. 159-192.
Kahn, J. "Social Security, Liquidity, and Early Retirement." In Journal of Public Economics 35, 1988, pp. 97-118.
Krueger, A., and J. Pischke. "The Effect of Social Security on Labor Supply: A Cohort Analysis of the Notch Generation." In Journal of Labor Economics 10, October 1992, pp. 412-437.
Lumsdaine, R., and D. Wise. "Aging and Labor Force Participation: A Review of Trends and Explanations." In Y. Noguchi and D. Wise, eds., Aging Issues in Japan and the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994, pp. 7-42.
Marrufo, G. "The Incidence of Social Security Regulation: Evidence from the Reform in Mexico." In University of Chicago Mimeo. 2001.
Ruhm, C. "Secular Changes in the Work and Retirement Patterns of Older Men." In Journal of Human Resources 30, 1995, pp.362-385.
Rust, J., and C. Phelan. "How Social Security and Medicare Affect Retirement Behavior in a World of Incomplete Markets." In Econometrica 65, July 1997, pp. 781-832.
Samwick, A. "The Joint Effect of Social Security and Pensions on the Timing of Retirement: Some New Evidence." In Journal of Public Economics 70, 1998, pp. 207-236.
Stock, J. and D. Wise. "Pensions, the Option Value of Work, and Retirement." In Econometrica 58, September 1990, pp. 1151-1180.

3.5. Social Security in OLG Growth Models

Abel, A. B. "Precautionary savings and accidental bequests, American Economic Review." 75, 1985, pp. 777-791.
___. "Capital accumulation and uncertain lifetimes with adverse selection, Econometrica." 54, 1986, pp.1079-1097.
___. "The Social Security Trust Fund, the Riskless Interest Rate, and Capital Accumulation." In NBER Working Paper 6991, 1999.
Abel, Andrew B. ''The Effects of Investing Social Security Funds, in the Stock market When Fixed Costs Prevent Some Households from Holding Stocks.'' In American Economic Review 91, 1, March 2001, pp.128-48.
Aiyagari, S. "Optimal Capital Income Taxation with Incomplete Markets, Borrowing Constraints, and Constant Discounting." In Journal of Political Economy 103, 1995, pp. 1158-1175.
Ball, Lawrence, and N. Gregory Mankiw. "Intergenerational risk Sharing in the Spirit of Arrow, Debreu, and Rawls, with Applications to Social Security Design." unpublished, 2001.
Bohn, H. "Social Security and Demographic Uncertainty: The Risk Sharing Properties of Alternative Policies." In NBER Working Paper 7030, 1999.
___. "Risk Sharing in a Stochastic Overlapping Generations Economy." Unpublished, University of California at Santa Barbara, 1997.
___. "Should the social security trust fund hold equities? An intergenerational welfare analysis." In Review of Economic Dynamics 2, 1999, pp. 666-697.
Boldrin, M., and A. Rustichini. "Equilibria with Social Security." In Working Paper. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 1995.
Breyer, F. "On the Intergenerational Pareto Efficiency of Pay-as-you-go Financed Pension Systems." In Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 145, 1989, pp. 643-658.
Breyer, F., and M. Straub. "Welfare Effects of Unfunded Pension Systems When Labor Supply is Endogenous." In Journal of Public Economics 50, 1993, pp. 77-91.
Breyer, Friedrich. Why Funding is not a solution to the "Social Security Crisis." 2001. DP 328, IZA.
Brunner, J. K. "Redistribution and efficiency of a pay-as-you-go pension system." In Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 150, 1994, pp. 511-523.
___. "Transition from a pay-as-you-go to a fully funded pension system: the case of differing individuals and intragenerational fairness." In Journal of Public Economics 60, 1996, pp. 131-146.
Demange, G., and G. Laroque. "Social security and demographic shocks, Econometrica." 67, 1999, pp. 527-542.
Diamond, P. "The Incidence of an Interest Income Tax." In Journal of Economic Theory 2, 1970, pp. 211-224.
___. "Macroeconomic Aspects of Social Security Reform." In Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2, 1997, pp. 1-87.
Diamond, P., and J. Geanakoplos. "Social Security Investment in Equities I: Linear Case." In National Bureau of Economic Resarch Working Paper No. 7103.
Revised version, Social Security Investment in Equities in an Economy with Short-Term Production and Land, Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper. April 1999.
Dutta, J., S. Kapur, and M. Orszag. "How to fund pensions: Income uncertainty and risk-aversion." In Birkbeck Economics WP.
___. "A portfolio approach to the optimal funding of pensions." In Birkbeck Economics WP.
Enders, W., and H. Lapan. "Social Security Taxation and Intergenerational Risk Sharing." In International Economic Review 23, 1982, pp. 647-658.
Feldstein, M. "The Optimal Level of Social Security Benefits." In Quarterly Journal of Economics 100, May 1985, pp. 300-320.
___. "Imperfect Annuity Markets, Unintended Bequests, and the Optimal Age Structure of Social Security Benefits." In JpubE 41, Feb. 1990, 1, 31-44.
Fenge, R. "Pareto-efficiency of the pay-as-you-go pension system with intrageneratinal fairness." In FinanzArchiv 52, 1995, pp. 357-363.
Gale, D. "The Efficient Design of Public Debt." In R. Dornbusch and M. Draghi (eds.), Public Debt Management: Theory and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Green, J. "Demographics, Market Failure and Social Security." Chap. 1 In Susan M. Wachter, ed., Social Security and Private Pensions. Lexington Books, 1988, pp. 3-16.
Hassler, J. and A. Lindbeck. "Intergenerational Risk Sharing, Stability and Optimality of Alternative Pension Systems, Centre for Economic Policy Research." In Discussion Paper 1774, 1997.
Jones, L., R. Manuelli, and P. Rossi. "Optimal Taxation in Models of Endogenous Growth." In Journal of Political Economy 101, June 1993, pp. 485-517.
Karni, E., and I. Zilcha. "Aggregate and Distributional Effects of Fair Social Security." In Journal of Public Economics 40, 1989, pp. 37-56.
___. "Welfare and Comparative Stastics Implications of Fair Social Security: A Steady-State Analysis." In Journal of Public Economics. 30, 1986, pp. 341-358.
Merton, R. C. "On the role of social security as a means for efficient risk sharing in an economy where human capital is not tradeable." In Bodies and Shoven, eds., Financial aspects of the US Pension system. University of Chicago press.
Miles, D. "Funded and Unfunded Pension Schemes: Risk Return and Welfare." In CESifo WP 239, 2000.
Palmer, E. Individual Decisions and Aggregate Stability in the NDC System, unpublished, 1999.
Hans-Werner, Sinn. "Why a funded pension system is needed and why it is not needed." In International Tax and Public Finance 2000.
Smetters, K. "Investing the Social Security Trust Fund in Equity: An Option Pricing Approach." Technical Paper 1997-1, Congressional Budget Office Macroeconomic Analysis and Tax Analysis Divisions.
Valdes-Prieto, Salvador. "The Financial Stability of Notional Account Pensions." In Scandinavian Journal of Economics Vol. 102, 3, 2000, pp. 395-417.

3.6 Social Security Reform: Overview & Political Economy

Aaron, H., and R. Reischauer. "Countdown to Reform: The Great Social Security Debate." Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, forthcoming.
Arnold, D. "The Political Feasibility of Social Security Reform." In Mimeo. National Academy of Social Insurance, January 1998.
Arnold, D., R. Douglas, M.J. Graetz, and A. H. Munnell. "Framing the Social Security Debate, Values, Politics, and Economics." Washington: National Academy of Social Insurance, distributed by Brookings Institution Press.
Baily, M. "Public Policy Implications of Declining Old-Age Mortality." In G. Burtless, ed. Work, Health, and Income Among the Elderly. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1987.
The Bipartisan Commission on Entitlement and Tax Reform. Staff Report on Entitlement Reform Options: Reference Materials. Washington: The Bipartisan Commission on Entitlement and Tax Reform, December 1994.
Bohn, H. "Social Security Reform and Financial Markets." In S. Sass and R. Triest, eds., Social Security Reform: Links to Saving, Investment, and Growth. Boston: Federal Reserve Bank, 1997, pp. 193-227.
Boldrin, M, J J Dolado, J F Jimeno, and F Peracchi. "The future of Pension systems in Europe." A reappraisal, unpublished, 1999.
Burkhauser, R., and T. Smeeding. "Social Security Reform: A Budget Neutral Approach to Reducing Older Women's Disproportionate Risk of Poverty." Syracuse University Center for Policy Research, Policy Brief 2/94.
Concord Coalition, "The Zero Deficit Plan: A Plan for Eliminating the Federal Budget Deficit by 2000." Washington: The Concord Coalition.
Coronado, J., D Fullerton, and T Glass. "Distributional Impacts of Proposed Changes to the Social Security System, Tax Policy and the Economy." 13, 1999 (also NBER WP 6989).
Cutler, D., J. Poterba, L. Sheiner, and L. Summers. "An Aging Society: Challenge or Opportunity?" In Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. 1990, pp. 1 and 1-73.
De Nardi, M., S. Imrohoroglu, and T. J. Sargent. "Projected US Demographics and Social Security." Unpublished, 1998.
Derthick, M., Policymaking for Social Security, Washington: Brookings Institution, 1979.
Diamond, P. "Privatization of Social Security: Lessons from Chile." In Revista de Analisis Economico 9, 1994, pp. 21-33.
___. "Insulation of Pensions from Political Risk." forthcoming in S. Valdes, (ed.), The Economics of Pensions: Principles, Policies, and International Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Diamond, P., and S. Valdes-Prieto. "Social Security Reform." In The Chilean Economy. B. Bosworth, R. Dornbusch, and R. Laban, eds., Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1994.
Disney, R. "Notional Accounts as a Pension Reform Strategy: An Evaluation." Unpublished, 1999.
Feldstein, M. "Would Privatizing Social Security Raise Economic Welfare?" In NBER Working Paper #5281. September 1995.
___. "The Missing Piece in Policy Analysis: Social Security Reform." In American Economic Review. 86, May 1996, pp. 1-14.
Feldstein, M. ed., Privatizing Social Security, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
Feldstein, M., and A. Samwick. "The Economics of Prefunding Social Security and Medicare Benefits." In NBER Working Paper 6055, 1997.
G??ra, Marek, and Edward Palmer. Shifting Perspectives in Pensions, unpublished.
Gramlich, E. Is it Time to Reform Social Security? Michigan.
Gustman, A., and T. Steinmeier. "Privatizing Social Security: First Round Effects of a Generic, Voluntary, Privatized Social Security System." In NBER Working Paper 5362, 1995.
Heclo, H. "A Political Science Perspective on Social Security Reform." In Mimeo, National Academy of Social Insurance. 1998.
Holden, K., and C. Zick. "The Economic Impact of Widowhood in the United States in the 1990s: The Role of Social Insurance and Private Pensions." In University of Wisconsin, Mimeo. June 1997.
Liebman, J. NBER Working Paper.
Assar, Lindbeck. Pensions and Contemporary Socioeconomic Change. Unpublished, 2000.
Assar, Lindbeck, and Mats Persson. The Gains from Pension Reform. Unpublished, 2001.
Mitchell, O., R. Myers, and H. Young. eds., Prospects for Social Security Reform. Philadelphia: Pension Research Council and University of Pennsylvania Press, forthcoming.
Kotlikoff, L. J. "Simulating the Privatization of Social Security in General Equilibrium." In NBER Working Paper 5776. 1996.
Leimer, D. "Cohort Specific Measures of Lifetime Net Social Security Transfers." In Working Paper 59. Social Security Administration - ORS, 1994.
Light, P. Artful Work: The Politics of Social Security Reform. New York: Random House.
Miles, D., and A. Timmermann. "Risk Sharing and Transition Costs in the Reform of Pension Systems in Europe." In Economic Policy. October 1999.
Myers, R. J. Social Security, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Pension Research Council and University of Pennsylvania Press.
National Academy on Social Insurance. Evaluating Issues in Privatizing Social Security. Washington, D.C.: NASI, 1998. Also available from MIT Press.
Orloff. The Politics of Pensions: A Comparative Analysis of Britain, Canada, and the United States, 1880- 1940 Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993.
President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security. Interim Report
President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security. Report
Rangel, Antonio. "Social Security Reform: Efficiency Gains vs. Intergenerational Redistribution." In Mimeo. Harvard University, 1997.
Sala-i-Martin, X. "Transfers." In NBER Working Paper 4186, 1994.
Shaviro, D. Making Sense of Social Security Reform. Chicago, 2000.
Steuerle, G., and J. Bakija. Retooling Social Security for the 21st Century. Washington: Urban Institute, 1994.
Tabellini, G. "The Politics of Intergenerational Redistribution." In Journal of Political Economy 99, 1991, pp. 335-357.
Tabellini, G. "A Positive Theory of Social Security." In NBER Working Paper 3272, February 1990.
Thompson, L. "Older and Wiser." In Mimeo. Urban Institute, June 25, 1998.
Valdes-Prieto, S. "Can the State Engage in Self-Control? A Survey of Old-Age Security." International Economic Association Meetings, Tunis, Tunisia, December 1995, pp. 18-22.
World Bank, Averting the Old Age Crisis: Policies to Protect the Old and Promote Growth, Washington: The World Bank, 1994.

4. Unemployment Insurance

4.1 Unemployment Insurance - Theory

Acemoglu, D., and R. Shimer. "Efficient Unemployment Insurance." In Mimeo. MIT, October 1997.
Atkeson, A., and R. Lucas. "Efficiency and Equality in a Simple Model of Efficient Unemployment Insurance." In Journal of Economic Theory 66. 1995, pp. 64-68.
Atkinson, A. B. The economic consequences of rolling back the welfare state. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999.
Atkinson, A., and J. Micklewright. "Unemployment Compensation and Labor Market Tranditions: A Critical Review." In Journal of Economic Literature 29, December 1991, pp. 679-1727.
Atkinson, A. "Unemployment Compensation, Wage Dispersion, and Endogenous Politiciand." In Mimeo. Nuffield College Oxford, 1995.
Baily, M. "Some Aspects of Optimal Unemployment Insurance." In Journal of Public Economics 10, 1978, pp. 379-402.
Brown, E., and H. Kaufold. "Human Capital Accumulation and the Optimal Level of Unemployment Insurance Provision." In Journal of Labor Economics 6, 1988, pp. 493-514.
Burdett, K., and R. Wright. "Unemployment Insurance and Short Time Compensation: The Effects of Layoffs, Hours per Worker, and Wages." In Journal of Political Economy 97, 1989, pp. 1479-1496.
Cahuc, Pierre, and Etienne Lehmann. "Should unemployment benefits decrease with the unemployment spell?" JpubE, 2000, 77, pp. 135-153.
Chiu, W., and E. Karni. "Endogenous Adverse Selection and Unemployment Insurance." In Journal of Political Economy 106, 1998, pp. 806-827.
Davidson, C., and S. Woodbury. "The optimal Dole with Risk Aversion and Job Destruction." U.S. Department of Labor, February 1998.
Davidson, C., and S. Woodbury. "Further Aspects of Optimal Unemployment Insurance." In Advisory Council on Unemployment Compensation: Background Papers Vol. III, Washington, D.C.: ACUC, 1996.
Feldstein, M. "Temporary Layoffs in the Theory of Unemployment." In Journal of Political Economy 84, October 1976, pp. 937-958.
Hansen, Gary, and Ayse Imrohoroglu. "The Role of Unemployment Insurance in an Economy with Liquidity Constraints and Moral Hazard." In Journal of Political Economy 100, 1.
Hopenhayn, Hugo A., and Juan Pablo Nicolini. "Optimal Unemployment Insurance." In Journal of Political Economy 105, 2, April 1997, pp.412-38.
Shavell, S., and L. Weiss. "The Optimal Payment of Unemployment Insurance Benefits over Time." In Journal of Political Economy 87, 1979, pp.1347-1362.
Werning, Iv??n. Optimal Unemployment Insurance with Unobservable Savings. Unpublished, University of Chicago, 2001.

4.2 Unemployment Insurance and Worker Behavior

Anderson, P., and B. Meyer. "Unemployment Insurance Takeup Rates and the After-Tax Value of Benefits." In Quarterly Journal of Economics 112. August, 1997, pp. 913-938.
Ashenfelter, O., D. Ashmoore, and O. Deschenes. "Do Unemployment Insurance Recipients Actively Seek Work? Randomized Trials in Four U.S. States." In NBER Working Paper #6982. February 1999.
Baicker, K., C. Goldin, and L. Katz. "A Distinctive System: Origins and Impacts of U.S. Unemployment Compensation." In Mimeo. Harvard University.
Blank, R., and D. Card. "Recent Trends in Insured and Uninsured Unemployment: Is There an Explanation?" In Quarterly Journal of Economics 106. November 1991, pp. 1157-1190.
Blau, D., and P. Robins. "Job Search, Wage Offers, and Unemployment Insurance." In Journal of Public Economics 29, March 1986, pp. 173-198.
___. "Job Search Outcomes for the Employed and Unemployed." In Journal of Political Economy 98, 1990, pp. 637-655.
Bloom, H., S. Schwartz, S. Lui-Gurr, and S. Lee. "Testing a Re-Employment Incentive for Displaced Workers: The Earnings Supplement Project." Social Research and Demonstration Corporation, May 1999.
Browning, M., S. Jones, and P. Kuhn. "Studies of the Interaction of UI and Welfare Using the COEP Dataset." In Working paper. Human Resources Development Canada, August 1995.
Card, D. and P. Levine. "Extended Benefits and the Duration of UI Spells: Evidence from the New Jersey Extended Benefits Program." In NBER Working Paper #6714, August 1998.
Cremieux, P., P. Fortin, P. Storer, and M. Van Audenrode. "The Impact of Unemployment Insurance on Wages, Search Intensity, and the Probability of Reemployment." In Working Paper. Human Resources Development Canada, September 1995.
Cullen, J. B., and J. Gruber. "Spousal Labor Supply as Insurance: Does Unemployment Insurance Crowd Out the Added Worker Effect?" In NBER Working Paper 5608, 1996.
Ehrenberg, R., and R. Oaxaca. "Unemployment Insurance, Duration of Unemployment, and Subsequent Wage Gain." In American Economic Review 66, December 1976, pp. 754-766.
Engen, E., and J. Gruber. "Unemployment Insurance and Precautionary Saving." In NBER Working Paper 5252, September 1995.
Feldstein, M., and J. Poterba. "Unemployment Insurance and Reservation Wages." In Journal of Public Economics 23, 1984, pp. 141-167.
Gruber, J. "The Consumption Smoothing Benefits of Unemployment Insurance." In American Economic Review 87, March 1997, pp. 192-205.
Jones, S., and P. Kuhn. "Is Employed Job Search Really More Effective?" In Working Paper, McMaster University.
Katz, L., and B. Meyer. "The Impact of the Potential Duration of Unemployment Benefits on the Duration of Unemployment." In Journal of Public Economics 41, February 1990, pp. 45-72.
Lemieux, T., and W.B. MacLeod. "Supply Side Hysteresis: The Case of the Canadian Unemployment Insurance System." In NBER Working Paper #6732, September 1998.
McCall, B. "Repeat Use of Unemployment Insurance." In Advisory Council on Unemployment Compensation: Background Papers Vol. III, Washington, D.C.: ACUC, 1996.
Meyer, B. "Unemployment Insurance and Unemployment Spells." In Econometrica 58, July 1990, pp. 757-782.
___. "A Quasi-Experimental Approach to the Effects of Unemployment Insurance." In NBER Working Paper #3159, November 1989.
___. "Lessons from the U.S. Unemployment Insurance Experiments." In Journal of Economic Literature 33, March 1995, pp. 91-131.
Meyer, B., and D. Rosenbaum. "Repeat Use of Unemployment Insurance." In NBER Working Paper #5423, January 1996.
O'Leary, P. Decker, and S. Wandner. "Reemployment Bonuses and Profiling." In Upjohn Institute Working Paper 98-51, January 1998.
Tattrie, D. "A Financial Incentive to Encourage Employment Among Repeat Users of Employment Insurance: The Earnings Supplement Project." In Social Research and Demonstration Corporation. May 1999.
Woodbury, S., and R. Spiegelman, "Bonuses to Workers and Employers to Reduce Unemployment: Randomized Trials in Illinois." In American Economic Review 77, 1987, pp. 513-530.

4.3 Unemployment Insurance and Firm Behavior

Anderson, P., and B. Meyer. "The Unemployment Insurance Payroll Tax and Interindustry and Interfirm Subsidies." In J. Poterba ed., Tax Policy and the Economy 7, 1993, pp. 111-144.
___. "The Effects of Unemployment Insurance Taxes and Benefits on Layoffs Using Firm and Individual Data." In NBER Working Paper #4960, 1994.
Burgess, P., and S. Low. "Do Employers Use the Free-Layoff Loophole in Unemployment Insurance?" In Advisory Council on Unemployment Compensation: Background Papers Vol. III, Washington, D.C.: ACUC, 1996.
Card, D., and P. Levine. "Unemployment Insurance Taxes and the Cyclical Properties of Employment and Unemployment." In Journal of Public Economics 53, January 1994, pp. 1-30.
Feldstein, M. "The Effect of Unemployment Insurance on Temporary Layoff Unemployment." In American Economic Review 65, December 1978, pp. 834-846.
Green, D., and W.C. Ridell. "Qualifying for Unemployment Insurance: An Empirical Analysis of Canada." In Human Resources Development Canada Working Paper. May 1995.
Topel, R. "On Layoffs and Unemployment Insurance." In American Economic Review 73, 1983, pp. 541-559.

5. Workers' Compensation

Butler, R. "Lost Injury Days: Moral Hazard Differences Between Tort and Workers' Compensation." In Journal of Risk and Insurance 63, 1996.
Butler, R., D. Durbin, and N. Helvacian. "Increasing Claims For Soft Tissue In Workers' Compensation: Cost Shifting and Moral Hazard." In Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 13, 1996, pp. 73-87.
Card, D., and B. McCall. "Is Workers' Compensation Covering Uninsured Medical Costs? Evidence from the Monday Effect." In Mimeo. Princeton University, 1994.
Fishback, P., and S. Kantor. "Did Workers Pay for the Passage of Workers's Compensation Laws?" In Quarterly Journal of Economics 110, August 1995, pp. 713-742.
Gruber, J., and A. Krueger. "The Incidence of Mandated Employer-Provided Insurance: Lessons from the Workers' Compensation Insurance." In D. Bradford Tax Policy and the Economy 5, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 111-144.
Krueger, A. "Incentive Effects of Workers Compensation Insurance." In Journal of Public Economics 41, February 1990, pp. 73-100.
___. "Workers' Compensation Insurance and the Duration of Workplace Injuries." In NBER Working Paper #3253, February 1990.
Meyer, B., K. Viscusi, and D. Durbin. "Workers' Compensation and Injury Duration: Evidence from a Natural Experiment." In American Economic Review 85, June 1995, pp. 322-340.
Viscusi, K., and M. Moore. "Workers' Compensation: Wage Effects, Benefit Inadequacies, and the Value of Health Losses." In Review of Economics and Statistics 66, May 1987, pp. 249-261.

6. Disability Insurance

Acemoglu, Daron and Joshua Angrist. "Consequences of Employment Protection? The Case of the Americans with Disabilities Act." In Journal of Political Economy Vol. 109, October 2001, pp. 915-957
Autor, D., and M. Duggan. "The Rise in Disability Recipiency and the Decline in Unemployment." In NBER WP 8336.
Bound, J. "The Health and Earnings of Rejected Disability Insurance Applicants." In American Economic Review 79, 1989, pp. 482-503.
___. "The Health and Earnings of Rejected Disability Insurance Applicants: Reply." In American Economic Review 81, December 1991, pp. 1427-1434.
Bound, J., and T. Waidmann. "Disability Trandfers, Self-Reported Health, and the Labor Force Attachment of Older Men: Evidence from the Historical Record." In Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1992, pp. 1393-1419.
Diamond, P., and E. Sheshinski. "Economic Aspects of Optimal Disability Benefits." In Journal of Public Economics 57, 1995, pp. 1-24.
Gruber, J. "Disability Insurance Benefits and Labor Supply." In Journal of Political Economy 108, 2000, pp. 1162-1183.
Gruber, J., and J. Kubik. "Disability Insurance Rejection Rates and the Labor Supply of Older Workers." In NBER Working Paper #4941, November 1994.
Halpern, J., and J. Hausman. "Choice Under Uncertainty: A Model of Applications for the Social Security Disability Program." In Journal of Public Economics 31, 1986, pp. 131-162.
Kubik, J. "Incentives for the Identification and treatment of Children with Disabilities: The Supplemental Security Income Program." In Mimeo. Syracuse University, October 1998.
Leonard, J. "Labor Supply Incentives and the Disincentives for Disabled Persons." In Disability and the Labor Market: Economic Problems, Policies, and Programs. ed. Berkowitz, M. and M. A. Hill, Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1986.
McGarry, K. "Factors Determining Participation of the Elderly in SSI." In Journal of Human Resources 31, Spring 1996, pp. 331-358.
National Academy of Social Insurance, Preliminary Status Report of the Disability Policy Panel (Washington: National Academy of Social Insurance, 1994).
Parsons, D. "The Decline of Male Labor Force Participation." In Journal of Political Economy 88, February 1980, pp. 117-134.
___. "The Health and Earnings of Rejected Disability Insurance Applicants: Comment." In American Economic Review 81, December 1991, pp. 1419-1426.
___. "Self-Screening in Targeted Public Trandfer Programs." In Journal of Political Economy 99, 1991, pp. 859-876.

7. Government Transfer Programs: Welfare

7.1 Poverty in the U.S.: Facts and Responses

Burtless, G. "The Economist's Lament: Public Assistance in America." In Journal of Economic Perspectives 4, Winter 1990: 57-78.
Cutler, D., and L. Katz. "Macroeconomic Performance and the Disadvantaged." In Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1991:2, pp. 1-74.
Haveman, R. "The National Academy Report on Poverty Measurement: Some Reflections." In Mimeo. Institute for Research on Poverty.
Murray, C. In Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950-1980, New York: Basic Books, 1984. Chap. 12-14.
National Research Council, C. F. Citro and R. T. Michael, eds., In Measuring Poverty, A New Approach. National Academy Press, 1995.
Nichols, A., and R. Zeckhauser. "Targeting Trandfers Through Restrictions on Recipients." In American Economic Review 72. May 1982, pp. 372-377.
Slesnick, D. "Gaining Ground: Poverty in the Postwar United States." In Journal of Political Economy 101, February 1993, pp. 1-8.
Varian, H. "Redistributive Taxation as Social Insurance." In Journal of Public Economics 14, 1980, pp. 49-68.

7.2 Behavioral Effects of the Cash Welfare System

Bertrand, M., D. Miller, and S. Mullainathan. "Public Policy and Extended Families: Evidence from South Africa." In NBER Working Paper 7594, 2000.
Blank, R. "The Effect of Welfare and Wage Levels on the Location Decisions of Female-Headed Households." In Journal of Urban Economics 24, 1988, pp. 186-211.
Blan, R., D. Card, and P. Robins. "Financial Incentives for Increasing Work Among Low-Income Families." In NBER Working Paper #6998, March 1999.
Blank, R., and P. Ruggles. "When Do Women Use AFDC & Food Stamps? The Dynamics of Eligibility and Participation." In Journal of Human Resources 31, 1996, pp. 57-89.
Blau, F., L. Kahn, and J. Waldfogel. "Understanding Young Women's Marriage Decisions: The Role of Labor and Marriage Market Conditions." In NBER Working Paper #7510, January 2000.
Cancian, M., R. Haveman, T. Kaplan, D. Meyer, and B. Wolfe. "Work, Earnings, and Well-Being After Welfare: What Do We Know?" In Mimeo. University of Wisconsin-Madison, January 1999.
Card, D., P. Robins, and W. Lin. "Do Work Incentives Have Unintended Consequences? Measuring Entry Effects in the Self-Sufficiency Project." Social Research and Demonstration Corporation, March 1998.
Currie, J., and N. Cole. "Welfare and Child Health: The Link Between AFDC Participation and Birth Weight." In American Economic Review 83, September 1993, pp. 971-985.
Danziger, S., and D. Weinberg. In Fighting Poverty: What Works and What Doesn't. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986. Chap. 2, 4
Ellwood, D., and M. Bane. "The Impact of AFDC on Family Structure and Living Arrangements." In R. Ehrenberg, ed., Research in Labor Economics 7, 1985.
Fortin, B., and G. Lacroix. "Welfare Benefits, Minimum Wage Rate and the Duration of Welfare Spells: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Canada." In Mimeo. Universite Laval, April 1997
Grogger, J., and S. Bronars. "The Effect of Welfare Payments on the Marriage and Fertility Behavior of Unwed Mothers: Results from a Twins Experiment." In Mimeo. UCSB, 1996.
Gruber, J. "Cash Welfare as a Consumption Smoothing Device for Single Mothers." In NBER Working Paper # 5738, 1996.
Gueron, J. "Work and Welfare: Lessons on Employment Programs." In Journal of Economic Perspectives 4, Winter 1990, pp. 79-98.
Hoynes, H. "Welfare Transfers in Two Parent Families: The Case of AFDC-UP." In Econometrica 64, 1996, pp. 295-332.
Hoynes, H. "Work, Welfare, and Family Structure: What Have We Learned?" In NBER Working Paper #5644, 1996.
Hoynes, H., and T. MaCurdy. "Has the Decline in Benefits Shortened Welfare Spells?" In American Economic Review 84, May 1994, pp. 43-48.
Human Resources Development Canada. When Financial Incentives Encourage Work: Complete 18 Month Findings from the Self-Sufficiency Project. September, 1998.
Jackson, C., and J. Klerman. "Fertility Effects of Welfare." In Mimeo. RAND Corporation, 1994.
Levine, P., and D. Zimmerman. "An Empirical Analysis of the Welfare Magnet Debate Using the NLSY." In NBER Working Paper #5264, 1995.
Levine, P., and D. Whitmore. "The Impact of Welfare Reform on the AFDC Caseload." In Mimeo. Wellesley College, November 1998
Meyer, B., and D. Rosenbaum. "Welfare, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and the Labor Supply of Single Mothers." In Mimeo. Northwestern University, March 1998.
Meyer, B., and J. Sullivan. "The Effects of Welfare Reform: The Material Well-Being of Single Mothers in the 1980s and 1990s." In Mimeo. Northwestern University, November 2000.
Michalopoulos, C., D. Card, L. Gennetian, K. Harknett, P. Robins. "The Self-Sufficiency Project at 36 Months: Effects of a Financial Work Incentive on Employment and Income." Social Research and Demonstration Corporation, June 2000.
Moffitt, R. "Incentive Effects of the U.S. Welfare System: A Review." In Journal of Economic Literature 30, March 1992, pp. 1-61.
___. "An Economic Model of Welfare Stigma." In American Economic Review 73, December 1983, pp. 1023-1035.
___. "Welfare Effects on Female Headship with Area Effects." In Journal of Human Resources 29, 1994, pp. 621-636.
___. "Work Incentives in Trandfer Programs (Revisited): A Study of the AFDC Program." In R. Ehrenberg, Research in Labor Economics 8, 1986.
Powers, E. "Does Means Testing Welfare Discourage Saving? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Women." In Mimeo. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 1995.
Rosenzweig, M. "Welfare, Marital Prospects, and Nonmarital Childbearing." In Mimeo. University of Pennsylvania, 1996.
Scheoni, R., and R. Blank. "What has Welfare Reform Accomplished? Impacts on Welfare Participation, Employment, Income, Poverty, and Family Structure." In NBER Working Paper #7627, March 2000.
Walker, J. "Migration Among Low-Income Households: Helping the Witch Doctors Reach Consensus." In Mimeo. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1993.
Zimmerman, D., and P. Levine. "The Intergenerational Correlation in AFDC Participation: Welfare Trap or Poverty Trap?" In Mimeo. Wellesley College, 1993.

7.3 Alternative Mechanisms for Redistribution

Bitler, M. "Father's Time vs. Father's Money: Effects of the Child Support Enforcement System." In Mimeo. MIT, July 1998.
___. "The Effects of Child Support Enforcement on Non-Custodial Parents' Labor Supply." In Mimeo. MIT, July 1998.
Burkhauser, R., K. Couch, and A. Glenn. "Public Policies for the Working Poor: The Earned Income Tax Credit Versus Minimum Wage Legislation." In Mimeo. Syracuse University, March 1995.
Card, D., and A. Krueger. Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Ricardo, Cossa, James Heckman, and Lance Lochner. "Wage Subsidies and Skill Formation: A Study of the Earned Income Tax Credit." University of Chicago Mimeo. 2001.
Currie, J. Welfare and The Well-Being of Children. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1995.
Currie, J., and D. Thomas. "Does Head Start Make a Difference?" In American Economic Review 85, June 1995, pp. 341-364.
Currie, J., and A. Yelowitz. "Is Public Housing Good for Kids?" In NBER Working Paper 6305, December 1997.
Eissa, N., and J. Liebman. "Labor Supply Response to the Earned Income Tax Credit." In Quarterly Journal of Economics 106, May 1996, pp. 605-637.
Katz, L. "Wage Subsidies for the Disadvantaged." In NBER Working Paper #5679, July 1996.
Keane, M. P. A New Idea for Welfare Reform, Quarterly Review. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Spring, 1995.
Nixon, L. "The Effect of Child Support Enforcement on Marital Dissolution." In Journal of Human Resources 32, Winter 1997, pp. 159-181.
Robins, P. "Child Support, Welfare Dependency, and Poverty." In American Economic Review 76, September 1986, pp. 768-788.
Schmidt, S. "Does Head Start Improve the Life Prospects of Poor Children?" In Jobs and Capital 5, Spring 1996, pp. 26-32.
Scholz, J.K. "The Earned Income Tax Credit: Participation, Compliance, and Antipoverty Effectiveness." In Mimeo. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1993.
Yelowitz, A. "Will Extending Medicaid to Two Parent Families Encourage Marriage?" In Mimeo. UCLA, 1994.

8. Government Intervention in Health Insurance Markets

8.1 Overview

Aaron, H. Serious and Unstable Condition. Brookings Institution, 1991.
Arrow, K. "Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care." In American Economic Review 53, 1963, pp. 941-973.
Cutler, D. "Public Policy for Health Care." In NBER Working Paper #5591, May 1996.
Diamond, P. "Organizing the Health Insurance Market." In Econometrica 60, November 1992, pp. 1233-1254.
Levit, K. et al. "National Health Expenditures in 1997: More Slow Growth." In Health Affairs 17(6), November/December 1998, pp. 99-110.
Newhouse, J. "Medical Care Costs: How Much Welfare Loss?" In Journal of Economic Perspectives 6, Summer 1992, pp. 3-21.

8.2 Health Insurance and Moral Hazard

Eichner, M. "Incentives, Price Expectations, and Medical Expenditures." Chap. 1 In Ph.D. Thesis. MIT, 1997.
Feldstein, M. "The Welfare Loss of Excess Health Insurance." In Journal of Political Economy 81, March/April 1973, pp. 251-280.
Feldstein, M., and J. Gruber. "A Major Risk Approach to Health Insurance Reform." In J. Poterba, ed., Tax Policy and the Economy. 9, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, pp. 103-130.
Feldman, R., and B. Dowd. "A New Estimate of the Welfare Loss of Excess Health Insurance." In American Economic Review 81, March 1991, pp. 297-301.
Finkelstein, A. "The Effect of Tax Subsidies To Employer-Provided Health Insurance on Workplace Pooling: New Evidence From Canada." forthcoming, In Journal of Public Economics.
Gruber, J. "Tax Subsidies for Health Insurance: Evaluating the Costs and Benefits." In NBER Working Paper #7553.
Gruber, J., and M. Lettau. "How Elastic is the Firm's Demand for Health Insurance." In NBER Working Paper #8021, November 2000.
Gruber, J., and J. Poterba. "Taxation and the Demand for Health Insurance: The Case of the Self-Employed." In Quarterly Journal of Economics 109, 1994, pp. 701-733.
___. "Tax Subsidies to Employer-Provided Health Insurance." In M. Feldstein and J. Poterba, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996, pp. 135-164.
___. "Fundamental Tax Reform and Employer Provided Health Insurance." In H. Aaron and W.
Gale, eds., Economic Effects of Fundamental Tax Reform. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1996, pp. 125-162.
Jack, W., and L. Sheiner. "Welfare Improving Health Expenditure Subsidies." In American Economic Review 87, March 1997, pp. 206-221.
Manning, W. et al. "Health Insurance and the Demand for Medical Care: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment." In American Economic Review 77, June 1987, pp. 251-277.
Pauly, M. "Taxation, Health Insurance, and Market Failure in the Medical Economy." In Journal of Economic Literature 24, 1986, pp. 629-675.
Royalty, A. "Tax Incentives for Fringe Benefits and Health Insurance Offered by Employers." In Mimeo. Stanford University, 1998.
Thorpe, K. "Reducing the Number of Uninsured by Subsidizing Employment-Based Health Insurance: Results From a Pilot Study." In Journal of the American Medical Association 266, 1992, pp. 945-948.
Turner, R. "Are Taxes Responsible for the Growth in Fringe Benefits?" In National Tax Journa, 40, 1987, pp. 205-217.
Woodbury, S. and D. Hamermesh. "Taxes, Fringe Benefits and Faculty." In Review of Economics and Statistics 74, 1992, pp. 287-296.

8.3 Private Insurance Market Issues

Baker, L. "The Effect of HMOs on Fee-for-Service Health Care Expenditures: Evidence from Medicare." forthcoming, In Journal of Health Economics. 1997.
Cooper, P., and B. Schone. "More Offers, Fewer Takers For Employment-Based Health Insurance: 1987 and 1996." In Health Affairs 16(6), November/December 1997, pp. 142-149.
Cutler, D., and M. McClellan. "The Determinant of Technological Change in Heart Attack Treatments." In NBER Working Paper #5751, September 1996.
Cutler, D., M. McClellan, and J. Newhouse. "Prices and Productivity in Managed Care Insurance." In NBER Working Paper #6677, August 1998.
___. "How Does Managed Care Do It?" In RAND Journal of Economics 31, pp. 526-548.
Cutler, D., and S. Reber. "Paying for Health Insurance: The Trade-off Between Competition and Adverse Selection." In Quarterly Journal of Economics 113(2), May 1998, pp. 433-466.
Cutler, D., and L. Sheiner. "Managed Care and the Growth of Medical Expenditures." In NBER Working Paper #6140, August 1997.
Dranove, D., K. Spier, and L. Baker. "Competition Among Employers Offering Health Insurance." In Journal of Health Economics 19, 2000, pp. 121-140.
Farber, H., and H. Levy. "Recent Trends in Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance Coverage: Are Bad Jobs Getting Worse?" In Journal of Health Economics 19, 2000. ????
Feldman, S., and D. Scharfstein. "Managed Care and Provider Volume." In NBER Working Paper #6523, April 1998.
Levy, H. "Who Pays for Health Insurance? Employer Contributions to Health Insurance Premiums." In Mimeo. Princeton University, March 1998.
Newhouse, J. "Reimbursing Health Plans and Health Providers: Selection versus Efficiency in Production." In Journal of Economic Literature 34, September 1996, pp. 1236-1263.
Newhouse, J. et al. "Are Fee-for-Service Costs Increasing Faster than HMO Costs?" In Medical Care 23(8), pp. 960-966
Nicols, L. and L. Blumberg. "A Different Kind of New Federalism? The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act." In Health Affairs 17(3), May/June 1998.
Swartz, K., and D. Garnick. "Regulating Markets: Lessons from New Jersey's Individual Health Coverage Program." In Mimeo. Harvard University School of Public Health, 1998.

8.4 Medicaid & the Uninsured

Baker, L., and A. Royalty. "Medicaid Policy, Physician Behavior, and Health Care for the Low-Income Population." In Journal of Human Resources 35, 2000, pp. 480-502.
Bindman, A. et al. "A Public Hospital Closes: Impact on Patients' Access to Care and Health Status." In Journal of the American Medical Association 264, December 12, 1990, pp. 2899-2904.
Blumberg, L., L. Dubay, and S. Norton. "Did the Medicaid Expandtions for Children Displace Private Insurance? An Analysis Using the SIPP." In Journal of Health Economics 19, 2000.
Currie, J., and J. Gruber. "Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Changes in the Medicaid Eligibility of Pregnant Women." In Journal of Political Economy 104, December 1996, pp. 1263-1296.
___. "Health Insurance Eligibility, Utilization of Medical Care, and Child Health." In Quarterly Journal of Economics 111, May 1996, pp. 431-466.
___. "The Technology of Birth: Health Insurance, Medical Interventions, and Infant Health." In NBER Working Paper 5985, April 1997.
Currie, J., J. Gruber, and M.Fischer. "Physician Payments and Infant Mortality: Evidence from Medicaid Fee Policy." In American Economic Review 85(2), May 1995, pp. 106-111.
Cutler, D., and J. Gruber. "Does Public Insurance Crowd Out Private Insurance?" In Quarterly Journal of Economics 111, May 1996, pp. 391-430.
Decker, S. "The Effect of Physician Reimbursement on the Primary Care of Medicaid Patients." In Mimeo. Harvard University, October 1992.
Duggan, M. "Hospital Ownership and Public Medical Spending." In Quarterly Journal of Economics 115, November 2000, pp. 1343-1374.
Dubay, L. "Health Insurance Expandions and Crowd-Out: What the Evidence Says." In Mimeo. Urban Institute, 1998.
Geoffard, P., and T. Philipson. "Disease Eradication: Private versus Public Vaccination." In American Economic Review 87, March 1997, pp. 222-230.
Gruber, J. "Health Insurance for Poor Women and Children Over the Past Decade." In J. Poterba, ed., Tax Policy and the Economy Vol. 11, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997.
Gruber, J. "Medicaid." In NBER Working Paper #7829.
J. Gruber, J. Newhouse, and K. Adams. "Physician Fee Policy and Medicaid Program Costs." In Journal of Human Resources 32(4), Fall 1997, pp. 611-634.
Hadley, J. et al. "Comparison of Uninsured and Privately Insured Hospital Patients: Condition on Admission, Resource Use, and Outcome." In Journal of the American Medical Association 265, January 16, 1991, pp. 374-379.
Hanratty, M. "Canadian National Health Insurance and Infant Health." In American Economic Review 86, May 1996, pp. 276-284.
Lurie, N. et al. "Termination from Medi-Cal: Does it Affect Health?" In New England Journal of Medicine 311, August 16, 1984, pp. 480-484.
Philipson, T. and R. Posner. "A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation of the Effects of Public Health Subsidies for STD Testing." In Quarterly Journal of Economics 110(2), May 1995, pp. 445-474.
Shore-Sheppard, L., T. Buchmueller, and G. Jensen. "Medicaid and Crowding Out of Private Insurance: A Re-examination Using Firm Level Data." In Journal of Health Economics 19, 2000.
8.5 Medicare & Provider Issues
Batata, A. "The Costs of Selection in Competitive Insurance Markets: The Example of Medicare." In Mimeo. Harvard University, October 1998.
___. "Medicare HMO Response to Price: An Instrumental Variables Approach." In Mimeo. Harvard University, October 1998.
Carter, G., J. Newhouse, G. Carter, and D. Relles. "How Much Change in the Case Mix Index is DRG Creep?" In Journal of Health Economics 9, 1990, pp. 411-428.
Coulam, R., and G. Gaumer. "Medicare's Prospective Payment System: A Critical Appraisal." In Health Care Financing Review. 1991 Annual Supplement, pp. 45-77.
Cromwell, J. and J. Mitchell. "Physician-Induced Demand for Surgery." In Journal of Health Economics Vol. 5, 1986, pp. 293-313.
Cutler, D. "The Incidence of Adverse Medical Outcomes Under Prospective Payment." In Econometrica 63, January 1995, pp. 29-50.
Cutler, D., and L. Sheiner. "Policy Options for Long Term Care." In NBER Working Paper #4302, March 1993.
Ellis, R., and T. McGuire. "Provider Behavior Under Prospective Reimbursement: Cost Sharing and Supply." In Journal of Health Economics 5, 1986, pp. 129-151.
Escarce, J. "Effects of Lower Surgical Fees on the Use of Physician Services Under Medicare." JAMA Vol. 269, 1993, pp. 2513-2518.
S. Ettner, "Adverse Selection and the Purchase of Medigap Insurance by the Elderly." In Journal of Health Economics 16, 1997, pp. 543-562.
Feder, J., J. Hadley, and S. Zuckerman, "How Did Medicare's Prospective Payment System Affect Hospitals?" In New England Journal of Medicine 317, 1987, pp. 867-73.
Fuchs, V. "The Supply of Surgeons and The Demand for Operations." In The Journal of Human Resources Vol. 13, 1978, pp. 35-56.
General Accounting Office. Medicare: Fewer and Lower Cost Beneficiaries With Chronic Conditions Enroll in HMOs. Washington, D.C.: GAO, August 1997.
Gertler, P. "Subsidies, Quality, and the Regulation of Nursing Homes." In Journal of Public Economics ??? February 1989, pp. 33-53.
Gruber, J. "The Effect of Financial Pressure on Charity: Hospital Responses to Price Shopping in California." In Journal of Health Economics 13(2), July 1994, pp. 183-212.
___. "Physician Financial Incentives and the Diffusion of Cesarean Section Delivery." RAND Journal of Economics 27(1), Spring 1996, pp. 99-123.
Gruber, J., D. Mayzlin, and J. Kim. "Physician Fees and Procedure Intensity: The Case of Cesarean Delivery." In NBER Working Paper #6744, October 1988.
Kahn, K. et al. "Comparing Outcomes of Care Before and After Implementation of the DRG-Based Prospective Payment System." In Journal of the American Medical Association 264, October 17, 1990, 1984-1988.
Kemper, P. et al. "The Evaluation of the National Long Term Care Demonstration." In Health Services Research 23(1), April 1988, pp.1-22, 119-127, 129-142, and 161-174.
McClellan, M. "Why Do Medicare Costs Keep Rising? Hospital Reimbursement and the Dynamics of Medical Treatment Intensity." In Mimeo. MIT, 1993.
McClellan, M., and J. Skinner. "The Incidence of Medicare." In NBER Working Paper 6013, April 1997.
McGuire, T., and M. Pauly. "Physician Response to Fee Changes with Multiple Payers." In Journal of Health Economics Vol. 10, 1991, pp. 385-410.
Newhouse, J. and D. Byrne. "Did Medicare's Prospective Payment System Cause Length of Stay to Fall?" In Journal of Health Economics 7(4), December 1988, pp. 413-416.
Pauly, M. Doctors and Their Workshops. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
Yelowitz, A. "Public Policy and Health Care Choices of the Elderly: Evidence from the Medicare Buy-In Program." In Mimeo. UCLA, 1997.

8.6 Health Insurance and the Labor Market

Anderson, P.M. "The Effect of Employer-Provided Health insurance on Job mobility: Job-Lock or Job-Push?" In Mimeo. Darmouth University, 1997.
Blank, R. "The Effect of Medical Need and Medicaid on AFDC Participation." In Journal of Human Resources 24, 1989, pp. 54-87.
Buchmueller, T. Fringe Benefits and the Demand for Part-Time Workers, Applied Economics. Forthcoming.
Buchmueller, T., and R. Valletta. "The Effects of Employer-Provided Health Insurance on Worker Mobility." In Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49, 1996, pp. 439-455.
___. "The Effect of Health Insurance on Married Female Labor Supply". In Journal of Human Resources. April 1996.
Cutler, D., and B. Madrian. "Labor Market Responses To Rising Health Insurance Costs: Evidence on Hours Worked." RAND Journal of Economics. Forthcoming.
Decker, S. "The Effect of Medicaid on Participation in the AFDC Program: Evidence from the Initial Introduction of Medicaid." In Mimeo. New York University, 1994.
Eberts, R., and J. Stone. "Wages, Fringe Benefits, and Working Conditions: An Analysis of Compensating Differentials." In Southern Economic Journal 52, 1985, pp. 274-280.
Ellwood, D., and K. Adams. "Medicaid Mysteries: Tranditional Benefits, Medicaid Coverage, and Welfare Exits." In Health Care Financing Review. 1990 Annual Supplement, pp. 119-131.
Gruber, J. "The Incidence of Mandated Maternity Benefits." In American Economic Review 84, June 1994, pp. 622-641.
___. "Health Insurance and the Labor Market." In NBER Working Paper #6762, October 1998.
Gruber, J., and B. Madrian. "Health Insurance and Job Mobility: The Effects of Public Policy on Job-Lock." In Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48, October 1994, pp. 86-102.
___. "Health Insurance Availability and the Retirement Decision." In American Economic Review 85, September 1995, pp. 938-948.
___. "Employment Separation and Health Insurance Coverage." In Journal of Public Economics 66(3), December 1997, pp. 349-382.
Gustman, A. and T. Steinmeier. "Employer-Provided Health Insurance and Retirement Behavior." In Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48, 1994, pp. 124-140.
Karoly, L. and J. Rogowski. "The Effect of Access to Post-Retirement Health Insurance on the Decision to Retire Early." In Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48, 1994, pp. 103-123.
Kapur, K. "The Impact of Health on Job Mobility: A Measure of Job Lock." In Industrial and Labor Relations Review 51, 1998, pp. 282-297.
Madrian, B. "The Effect of Health Insurance on Retirement." In Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1, 1994a, pp. 181-232.
___. "Employment-Based Health Insurance and Job Mobility: Is There Evidence of Job Lock?" In Quarterly Journal of Economics 109, February 1994, pp. 27-54.
Madrian, B., and N. Beaulieu. "Does Medicare Eligiblity Affect Retirement?" Forthcoming in D.A. Wise, ed., In Inquiries in the Economics of Aging. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
Mitchell, O. "Fringe Benefits and Labor Mobility." In Journal of Human Resources 17, 1982, pp. 286-298.
Moffitt, R., and B. Wolfe. "The Effect of the Medicaid Program on Welfare Participation and Labor Supply." In Review of Economics and Statistics 74, November 1992, pp. 615-626.
Monheit, A., and P. Cooper. "Health Insurance and Job Mobility: Theory and Evidence." In Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48, October 1994, pp. 68-85.
Sheiner, L. "Health Costs, Aging, and Wages." In Mimeo. Federal Reserve Board, 1995.
Summers, L. "Some Simple Economics of Mandated Benefits." In American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings 79, May 1989, pp. 177-183.
Yelowitz, A. "The Medicaid Notch, Labor Supply and Welfare Participation: Evidence from Eligibility Expandions." In Quarterly Journal of Economics 105, 1995, pp. 909-940.
___. "Using the Medicare Buy-In Program to Estimate the Effect of Medicaid on SSI Participation." In Mimeo. UCLA.
___. "Why Did the SSI-Disabled Program Grow So Much? Disentangling the Effect of Medicaid." In Mimeo. UCLA, 1996.
___. "Did Recent Medicaid Reforms Cause the Caseload Explosion in the Food Stamp Program." In Mimeo. UCLA, 1996.

9. Publicly Provided Goods: Education

9.1 Public Involvement in Primary and Secondary Schools

Acemoglu, D., and J. Angrist. "How Large are Human Capital Externalities: Evidence from Compulsory Schooling Laws." In Mimeo, MIT.
Angrist, J., and A. Krueger. "Does Compulsory School Attendance Affect Schooling and Earnings?" In Quarterly Journal of Economics 106, November 1991, pp. 979-1014.
Angrist, J., and V. Lavy. "Using Maimonides' Rule to Estimate the Effect of Class Size on Children's Academic Achievement." In Mimeo. MIT, 1996.
Benabou, R. "Education, Poverty, and Growth: The Local Connection." In NBER Working Paper 4798, July 1994.
Boadway, R., N. Marceau, and M. Marchand. "Issues in Decentralizing the Provision of Education Using Vouchers." In International Tax and Public Finance 3, July 1996, pp. 311-327.
Burtless, G. ed., Does Money Matter? The Effect of School Resources on Student Achievement and Adult Success. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1996.
Card, D., and A. Krueger. "Does School Quality Matter? Returns to Education and the Characteristics of Public Schools in the United States." In Journal of Political Economy 100, February 1992, pp. 1-40.
___. "School Resources and Student Outcomes: An Overview of the Literature and New Evidence from North and South Carolina." In Journal of Economic Perspectives 10, Fall 1996, pp. 31-50.
Courant, P., E. Gramlich, and S. Loeb. "Michigan's Recent School Finance Reform: A Preliminary Report." In American Economic Review, May 1995.
Downes, T. "Evaluating the Impact of School Finance Reform on the Provision of Public Education: The California Case." In National Tax Journal 45, December 1992, pp. 405-420.
Duflo, E. "Schooling and Labor Market Consequences of School Construction in Indonesia: Evidence from an Unusual Policy Experiment." In American Economic Review 91, 2001, pp. 795-813.
Epple, D., and R. Romano. "Competition Between Private and Public Schools, Vouchers, and Peer Group Effects." In American Economic Review 88, March 1998, pp. 33-62.
Feldstein, M. "Wealth Neutrality and Local Public Choice in Education." In American Economic Review 65, March 1975, pp. 75-89.
Fernandez, R., and R. Rogerson. "On the Political Economy of Education Subsidies." In Review of Economic Studies 62, 1995, pp. 249-262.
___. "Income Distribution, Communities, and the Quality of Public Education." In Quarterly Journal of Economics 111, 1996, pp. 135-164.
Fischel, W. "Did Serrano Cause Proposition 13?" In National Tax Journal 42, December 1989, pp. 465-473.
Flowers, M. "Tuition Tax Credits and Public Schools." In National Tax Journal 41, March 1988, pp. 87-96.
Friedman, M. Chap. 6 In Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
Greene, J., P. Peterson, and J. Du. "The Effectiveness of School Choice in Milwaukee." In Mimeo. Harvard University, 1996.
Hanushek, E. "The Economics of Schooling: Production and Efficiency in Public Schools." In Journal of Economic Literature 24, 1986, pp. 1141-77.
___. "Measuring Investment in Education." In Journal of Economic Perspectives 10, Fall 1996, pp. 9-30.
___. "Expenditures, Efficiency, and Equity in Education: The Federal Government's Role." In American Economic Review 79, May 1989, pp. 46-51.
Hanushek, E., and S. Rivkin, "Understanding the 20th Century Growth in U.S. School Spending." In NBER Working Paper #5547, April 1996.
Hoxby, C. "Does Competition Between Public Schools Benefit Students and Taxpayers?" In American Economic Review 90, 2000, pp. 1209-1238.
___. "How Teachers' Unions Affect Education Production." In Quarterly Journal of Economics 111, August 1996, pp. 671-718.
___. "Are Efficiency and Equity in School Finance Substitutes or Complements?" In Journal of Economic Perspectives 10, Fall 1996, pp. 51-72.
___. "All School Finance Equalizations are Not Created Equal." In NBER Working Paper #6792, November 1998.
Murnane, R. et al. Who Will Teach? Policies That Matter. Harvard University Press, 1992.
Nechyba, T. "A Model of Multiple Districts and Private Schools: The Role of Mobility Targeting and Private School Vouchers." In NBER Working Paper #7239, July 1999.
Poterba, J. "Government Intervention in the Markets for Education and Health Care: Why and How." In V. Fuchs, ed., Individual and Social Responsibility. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995, pp. 277-304.
___. "Demographic Structure and the Political Economy of Public Education." In Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 16, January 1997, pp. 48-66.
Rouse, C. "Private School Vouchers and Student Achievement: An Evaluation of the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program." In Princeton Industrial Relations Section Working Paper #371, December 1996.
Sonstelie, J. "The Welfare Cost of Free Public Schools." In Journal of Political Economy 90, August 1982, pp. 794-808.
Wolfe, B., and S. Zuvekas. "Nonmarket Outcomes of Schooling." In Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Paper #1065-95, May 1995.

9.2 Public Involvement in Higher Education

Edlin, A. "Is College Financial Aid Equitable and Efficient." In Journal of Economic Perspectives 7, Spring 1993, pp. 143-158.
Feldstein, M. "College Scholarship Rules and Private Saving." In American Economic Review 85, June 1995, pp. 552-566.
Ganderton., P. "The Effect of Subsidies in Kind on the Choice of a College." In Journal of Public Economics 48, August 1992, pp. 269-292.
Garratt, R., and J. Marshall. "Public Finance of Private Goods: The Case of College Education." In Journal of Political Economy 102, June 1994, pp. 566-582.
Kane, T. "Rising Public College Tuition and College Entry: How Well Do Public Subsidies Promote Access to College?" In NBER Working Paper #5164, 1995.
Kane, T., and C. Rouse. "Labor Market Returns to Two and Four Year Colleges: Is a Credit a Credit and Do Degrees Matter?" In NBER Working Paper #4268, 1993.
Kim, T. "Implicit Taxes in College Financial Aid and Family Saving." In Mimeo. MIT, 1995.
McPherson, M., and M. Schapiro. "Does Student Aid Affect College Enrollment? New Evidence on a Persistent Controversy." In American Economic Review 81, March 1991, pp. 309-318.
Peltzman, S. "The Effect of Government Subsidies-in-Kind on Private Expenditures: The Case of Higher Education." In Journal of Political Economy 81, 1973, pp. 1-27.

10. State and Local Public Finance

10.1 Jurisdictional Competition: Tiebout and Beyond

Epple, D., T. Romer, and H. Sieg. "The Tiebout Hypothesis and Majority Rule: An Empirical Analysis." In NBER Working Paper 6977, 1999.
Epple, D., and H. Sieg, "Estimating Equilibrium Models of Local Jurisdictions." In Journal of Political Economy 107, August 1999, pp. 645-681.
Epple, D., and A. Zelenitz, "The Implications of Competition Among Jurisdictions: Does Tiebout Need Politics?" In Journal of Political Economy 89, 1981, pp. 1197-1217.
Goodspeed, T. "Local Income Taxation: An Externality, Pigouvian Solution, and Public Policies." In Regional Science and Urban Economics 25, 1995, pp. 279-296.
Gordon, R. "Can Capital Income Taxes Survive in Open Economies?" In Journal of Finance July 1992, pp. 1159-1180.
McLure, C. "Tax Competition: Is What's Good for the Private Goose Also Good for the Public Gander?" In National Tax Journal 39, 1986, pp. 341-348.
Papke, L. "Interstate Business Tax Differentials and New Firm Location: Evidence from Panel Data." In Journal of Public Economics 45, 1991, pp. 47-48.
Ross, S., and J. Yinger. "Sorting and Voting: A Review of the Literature on Urban Public Finance." In P. Chesire and E. Mills, eds., Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Vol. 3, Amsterdam: North Holland.
Rubinfeld, D. "Economics of the Local Public Sector." In A. Auerbach & M. Feldstein, eds., Handbook of Public Economics, Vol. II, Amsterdam: North Holland, 1988, pp. 571-645.
Stiglitz, J. "The Theory of Local Public Goods." In M. Feldstein and R. Inman, eds., The Economics of Public Services. London: MacMillan, 1977, pp. 274-333.
Wheaton, W. "The Incidence of Interjurisdictional Differences in Commercial Property Taxes." In National Tax Journal 37, December 1984, pp. 515-528.

10.2 Estimating the Demand for Locally-Provided Public Goods

Bergstrom, T., D. Rubinfeld, and P. Shapiro. "Micro-Based Estimates of Demand Functions for Local School Expenditures." In Econometrica 50, September 1982, pp. 1183-1205.
Gramlich, E. and D. Rubinfeld. "Micro Estimates of Public Spending Demand Functions and Tests of the Tiebout and Median-Voter Hypotheses." In Journal of Political Economy 90, June 1982, pp. 536-560.
Schwab, J., and E. Zampelli. "Disentangling the Demand Function from the Production Function for Local Public Services: The Case of Public Safety." In Journal of Public Economics 33, 1987, pp. 245-260.

10.3 The Effects of Intergovernmental Grants

Fisher, R. "Income and Grant Effects on Local Expenditure: The Flypaper Effect and Other Difficulties." In Journal of Urban Economics 12, 1982, pp. 324-345.
Gramlich, E. "Intergovernmental Grants: A Review of the Empirical Evidence." In W. Oates, ed., Political Economy of Fiscal Federalism. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1977.
Hines J., and R. Thaler. "Anomalies: The Flypaper Effect." In Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, Fall 1995, pp. 217-226.
Inman, R. "The Fiscal Performance of Local Governments: An Interpretative Review." In P. Mieszkowski and M. Straszheim, eds., Current Issues in Urban Economics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979, pp. 270-321.
Ladd, H. "State Responses to TRA86 Revenue Windfalls." In Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 12, 1993, pp. 82-103.
Romer, T., H. Rosenthal, and V. Munley. "Economic Incentives and Political Institutions: Spending and Voting in School Budget Referenda." In Journal of Public Economics 49, 1992, pp. 1-34.

10.4 The Property Tax

Cutler, D., D. Elmendorf, and R. Zeckhauser. "Restraining Leviathan: Property Tax Limitation in Massachusetts." In NBER Working Paper 6196, September 1997.
Gyourko, J. and J. Tracy. "The Importance of Local Fiscal Conditions in Analyzing Local Labor Markets." In Journal of Political Economy 97, October 1989, pp. 1208-1231.
___. "The Structure of Local Public Finance and the Quality of Life." In Journal of Political Economy 99, August 1991, pp. 774-806.
Feldstein, M., and G. Metcalf. "The Effect of Federal Tax Deductibility on State and Local Taxes and Spending." In Journal of Political Economy 95, August 1987, pp. 710-736.
Mieszkowski, P. "The Property Tax: An Excise Tax or a Profits Tax?" In Journal of Public Economics 1, 1972, pp. 73-96.
Rosen, K. "The Impact of Proposition 13 on House Prices in Northern California: A Test of the Interjurisdictional Capitalization Hypothesis." In Journal of Political Economy 90, February 1982, pp. 191-200.
Yinger, J. "Capitalization and the Theory of Local Public Finance." In Journal of Political Economy 90, October 1982, pp. 917-43.

10.5 Intergovernmental Subsidies and Tax-Exempt Bond Finance

Diamond, P. "On the Cost of Tax Exempt Bonds." In Journal of Political Economy LXXIII (4), August 1965, pp. 399-403.
Feenberg, D., and J. Poterba. "Which Households Own Municipal Bonds: Evidence from Tax Returns." In National Tax Journal 44, December 1991, pp. 93-104.
Gordon, R., and G. Metcalf. "Do Tax-Exempt Bonds Really Subsidize Municipal Capital?" In National Tax Journal 44, December 1991, pp. 71-80.
Gordon, R., and J. Slemrod. "An Empirical Examination of Municipal Financial Decisions." In H. Rosen, ed., State and Local Public Finance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Poterba, J. "Tax Reform and the Market for Tax-Exempt Debt." In Regional Science and Urban Economics 19, 1989, pp. 537-562.

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