Theories and Strategies:
"American Imperialism, Embraced." The New York Times Magazine. December 9, 2001, p. 53 (2 pages).
Beschloss, Michael R. "Foreign Policy's Big Moment." New York Times. April 11, 1999, pp. 4/17.
Claimed here: during political campaigns U.S. politicians pander to U.S. voters by framing dangerous foreign policy positions that they cannot abandon once in office. The country is thereby led into folly. A corollary: a prime threat to America is ... an American public that responds well to irresponsible pandering.
Brooks, Stephen G., and William C. Wohlforth. "American Primacy in Perspective." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 4, July/August 2002, pp. 20-33.
The authors argue that the U.S. now has such a vast preponderance of power that it can act heedlessly of others wishes without fearing that a counter balancing coalition could arise to check it. (But they don't recommend such conduct.) Does their argument square with that of Stephen Walt on alliance formation (above)?
Cooper, Glenda. "U.S. Memos on Rwanda Cited." Boston Globe. August 23, 2001.
David, Steven R. "Why the Third World Still Matters." International Security, Vol. 17, No. 3, Winter 1992/93, pp. 127-159.
David argues that the Third World mattered in the Cold War and still matters today. An anti-Kennan view.
Hersh, Seymour. The Price of Power. New York: Summit, 1983, pp. 108-111.
What to make of the attitudes of Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and Alexander Haig reported here? (Are such attitudes widespread among foreign policymakers? Do such attitudes matter?)
Huntington, Samuel P. "America's Changed Strategic Interests." Survival, Vol. 33, No. 1, January/February 1991, pp. 3-17.
A conservative view of America's post-Cold War global interests.
Ikenberry, G. John. "America's Imperial Ambition." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 5, September/October 2002, pp. 44-60.
The Bush Administration has embarked on a fateful imperial rampage. It will end badly. Others will eventually coalesce to check the U.S.
Isaacson, Walter, and Evan Thomas. The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986, pp. 171-173 and 731-733.
Does the American foreign policy elite share America's wider democratic values? We learn here that George Kennan thought women, blacks, and immigrants should be denied the vote; Kennan and Dean Acheson saw little wrong with the white minority governments in Rhodesia and South Africa; and John McCloy adopted the cause of Iran's Pahlevi family. Not your typical League of Women Voters views.
Jervis, Robert. Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976, pp. 58-84.
Some ("spiral model" advocates) say international conflict is best resolved by the carrot, while using the stick merely provokes; others ("deterrence" advocates) would use the stick, warning that offering carrots ("appeasement") leads others to make more demands. Who's right? Probably both--but under what circumstances? And how can you tell which circumstances you face?
Kaufmann. Chaim, "See No Evil." In Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 4, July/August 2002, pp. 142-149.
The U.S. could have stopped genocide in Rwanda in 1994 and elsewhere but chose not to. Good choice? Should the U.S. intervene to prevent such horrors?
Kennedy, Paul. Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. New York: Random House, 1987. Tables.
Marks, Stephen P. "Promoting Human Rights." In World Security. Edited by Michael T. Klare and Daniel C. Thomas. New York: St. Martin's, 1991, pp. 295-320.
What are human rights, and how can they best be protected? Is it America's business to protect them?
Oye, Kenneth, et al., eds. Eagle in a New World: American Grand Strategy in the Post-Cold War Era. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. Tables.
Class discussion will focus on tables 6, 17, 18, 31, 35, 4-1, and chart 2 on pages 3, 6, 7, 15, 16, 19, and 20 (handwritten numeration), so study these seven with more care; the rest can be skimmed.
Pearson, David. "The Media and Government Deception." Propaganda Review, Spring 1989, pp. 6-11.
Pearson thinks the American press is obedient to official views, and afraid to criticize. Anti-establishment paranoia or the real picture?
Posen, Barry R., and Andrew L. Ross. "Competing U.S. Grand Strategies." In Strategy and Force Planning. Edited by Strategy and Force Planning Faculty. Newport, RI: Naval War College Press, 1995, pp. 115-134.
A survey of four contending post-Cold War grand strategies. Which strategy is best? (Is this list complete?)
Ricks, Thomas E. "Empire or Not? A Quiet Debate over U.S. Role." Washington Post. August 21, 2001, p. A1 (3 pages).
More color on rising arguments for a U.S. empire in the U.S. conservative movement. Do Tom Donnelly, William Kristol and Andrew Bacevich have a good idea?
Van Evera, Stephen. "American Intervention in the Third World: Would Be Better." Security Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, Autumn 1991, pp. 1-24.
The instructor's largely Kennanite analysis of past American strategy toward the Third World.
Van Evera, Stephen. "Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War." International Security, Vol. 22, No. 4, Spring 1998, 5-43.
Your instructor's summary of the argument, made famous by Robert Jervis, that war is more likely when conquest is easy. A key related argument: international conflict arises largely from the "security dilemma"--the tendency of states to threaten others' security by their efforts to secure themselves.
Can the U.S. prevent war by making conquest hard in world trouble-spots? Have America's past conflict with others arisen from the security dilemma?
Walt, Stephen. Chap. 2 in The Origins of Alliances. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987, pp. 17-49.
Walt presents competing hypotheses on how states choose their friends. Which hypotheses are valid? Do your answers matter for the kind of foreign policy you would recommend?
AMERICA'S MAJOR WARS: WORLD WAR I, WORLD WAR II, COLD WAR, & KOREA
Paterson, Thomas G., J. Garry Clifford, and Kenneth J. Hagan. American Foreign Policy. Vol. 2: 1900 to Present. 3rd ed., rev. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1991, pp. 55- 62, 68-92, 117-125, 128-136, 141-153, 173-215. A standard textbook history of American policies before and during the two world wars.
Paterson, Clifford, and Hagan. American Foreign Policy, Vol. 2, pp. 222- 249. A standard textbook account of the Cold Wars's origins, from a viewpoint somewhat critical of U.S. policy.
Paterson, Clifford, and Hagan. American Foreign Policy, Vol. 2, pp. 266- 275.
Interlude: U.S. National Security; The Terror War; U.S. Foreign Economic Policy:
Chyba, Christopher F. "Toward Biological Security." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 3, May/June 2002, pp. 122-137.
The danger posed by biological weapons in terrorist hands may be even scarier than the danger of nuclear weapons.
Committee for Economic Development. "The Trade Deficit Harms the U.S. Economy." Chap. 4 in Trade: Opposing Viewpoints. Edited by William Dudley. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1991, pp. 175-181.
Crosette, Barbara. "Foreign Aid Budget: Quick, How Much? Wrong." New York Times. February 27, 1995, p. A6.
Doran, Michael. "Somebody Else's Civil War." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 1, January/February 2002, pp. 22-42.
Who are Al Qaeda and what's their damage? Doran argues that Bin Laden's main goal is to restore the Islamic world to pristine ancient Islamic practice. Others think Bin Laden also seeks to Islamize or even annihilate the entire non-Muslim world.
Flynn, Stephen. "America the Vulnerable." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 1, January/February 2002, pp. 60-74. Skim only.
The U.S. is alarmingly vulnerable to terrorist attack. The door is wide open. We are sitting ducks.
Jordan, Amos A., William J. Taylor, and Lawrence J. Korb. American National Security: Policy and Process. 4th ed., Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.
Jordan, Amos A., William J. Taylor, and Lawrence J. Korb. Chap. 11, "Nuclear Strategy." In American National Security: Policy and Process. 4th ed., Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993, pp. 233- 246.
O'Hanlon, Michael E. "A Flawed Masterpiece." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 3, May/June 2002, pp. 47-63.
O'Hanlon praises Bush's conduct of the 2001-2002 war in Afghanistan but notes that the campaign failed in a key goal: capturing or killing Al Qaeda's top leadership. The U.S. bungled the battle at Tora Bora, letting al Qaeda's leaders escape. O'Hanlon also calls for changes in the Bush defense program to adapt to the terror war.
"Pakistanis Fume as Clothing Sales to U.S. Tumble." New York Times. June 23, 2002.
The U.S. could provide large benefit to the poor of Pakistan by dropping its barriers to the import of Pakistani textiles. This could also jolly up the Pakistanis to support the U.S terror war. But the U.S. textile lobby won't allow it. U.S. special interests override the U.S. national interest. Too bad for you and me.
Perry, William. "Preparing for the Next Attack." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 80, No. 6, November/December 2001, pp. 31-45.
Perry, a former U.S. Defense Secretary, warns that al Qaeda will strike again, this time with weapons of mass destruction, unless we avert their attack. He's cool toward national missile defense--a favorite Bush administration project--because Al Qaeda won't use missiles to send us its horrors.
"Raising Farm Subsidies, U.S. Widens International Rift." New York Times. June 15, 2002.
The U.S. waves the free trade banner--except when it doesn't want to. U.S. strictures on imports of agricultural products and textiles are a major blow to the world's poor.
Rutledge, John, and Deborah, Allen. "The Trade Deficit Helps the U.S. Economy." In Trade: Opposing Viewpoints. Edited by William Dudley. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1991, pp. 175-187.
Is the U.S. trade deficit bad or good for the U.S.?
Sachs, Jeffrey D. "When Foreign Aid Makes a Difference." New York Times. February 3, 1997, p. A17.
Crosette has foreign aid facts, Sachs has foreign aid do's and don'ts.
Sanger, David E. "Bush to Formalize A Defense Policy of Hitting First." New York Times. June 17, 2002.
The Bush Administration has embraced a general doctrine of preventive war against rogue states that aspire to develop weapons of mass destruction. Iraq is only the first rogue state that the administration would attack. Good idea?
"The Kindness of Strangers." The Economist. May 7, 1994, pp. 19-22.
A skeptical view of foreign aid.
"The Uranium Underground." Time. December 17, 2001, pp. 40-45.
Vast amounts of nuclear materials are swishing around the former Soviet Union unguarded--enough to build tens of thousands of atomic bombs. Washington doesn't seem to care much. Is this stupid or what? Duck and cover!
"World Trade: All Free Traders Now?" The Economist. December 7, 1996, pp. 21-23.
The first item is a pro-free-trade survey of the basic questions in trade, and a preview of the now-passed North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT), Uruguay Round. Focus on pp. 12-19, "The Economics of Free Trade," which explicates David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage; you can skim the rest. The second item surveys later trade issues.
"World Trade: Jousting for Advantage." The Economist. September 22, 1990, pp. 5-25.
Cold War Crisis: Berlin, Taiwan Straits, And Cuba 1962:
Kaplan, Fred. "Kennedy and Cuba at 35." Boston Sunday Globe. October 12, 1997, pp. D1-D3.
Later revelations about the Cuban Missile Crisis. JFK was the most dovish official in the government. He secretly traded the U.S. Jupiter missiles in Turkey for the Soviet missiles in Cuba. He was willing to give even further if needed. What if someone else had been president?
For more on the Cuban Missile Crisis you can visit an excellent website on the crisis put together by the National Security Archive at www.nsarchive.org/nsa/cuba_mis_cri. Documents can be seen, tapes can be listened to, and intelligence photos can be viewed at this site. And for more sources on the crisis see a website from Harvard's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, www.cubanmissilecrisis.org.
American Intervention In The Third World:
Barnet, Richard J. "The Subversion of Undesirable Governments." Chap. 10 in Intervention and Revolution: America's Confrontation with Insurgent Movements Around the World. New York: Meridian, 1972, pp. 264-293.
A short history of some of the better-known CIA Cold War covert operations.
Clifford, Clark, and Richard Holbrooke. Counsel to the President. New York: Random House, 1991, pp. 612-614.
A short counterpoint to Sanders and Henderson.
George, Alexander L. "Epilogue: The Persian Gulf Crisis, 1990-1991." In Avoiding War: Problems of Crisis Management. Edited by Alexander L. George. Boulder: Westview, 1991, pp. 567-576.
An account of the outbreak of the Gulf conflict.
Johnson, Lyndon B. "American Policy in Viet-Nam." In The Viet-Nam Reader. Edited by Marcus G. Raskin and Bernard B. Fall. New York: Vintage, 1967, pp. 343-351.
This statement, Johnson's famous Johns Hopkins University speech of April 7, 1965, was the fullest official explication of the case for the war.
Sanders, Sol W., and William Henderson. "The Consequences of 'Vietnam' ." Orbis, Vol. 21, No. 1, Spring 1977, pp. 61-76.
The authors re-evaluate the propositions at issue in the debate over the war, concluding that postwar events show that the hawks were right and the doves wrong.
Schraeder, Peter J. Chap. 8, "Paramilitary Intervention." In Intervention Into the 1990s. Edited by Peter J. Schraeder. 2nd ed. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1992, pp. 131-151. (Focus on pp. 137-149: "The Reagan Doctrine and Paramilitary Intervention.") Skim the rest.
The four wars waged under the rubric of the Reagan Doctrine are described here.
The Road Ahead: Current Crisis And Future Policies:
Freeman Jr., Chas. W. "Preventing War in the Taiwan Strait." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 77, No. 4, July/August 1998, pp. 6-11.
Taiwan could suck the U.S. into a Taiwan-PRC conflict unless the U.S. restrains Taiwan now.
Huntington, Samuel P. "The Coming Clash of Civilizations: Or, the West Against the Rest." New York Times. June 6, 1993, p. E19.
Humankind will again be at its own throat, this time in a confrontation of great civilizations.
Joffe, Josef. "A Warning from Putin and Schröder." New York Times. June 20, 2000, p. A25.
Could the United States provoke the rest of the world coalesce against it? What U.S. actions could bring this about? Would national missile defense move us in that direction? Joffe thinks so.
Kagan, Robert. "China's No. 1 Enemy." New York Times. May 11, 1999, p. A27.
China hates the United States. Appeasing China will only encourage Chinese expansionism and bring on a Sino-American clash. Let's get tough on China.
Krauthammer, Charles. "The Bush Doctrine: ABM, Kyoto, and the New American Unilateralism." Weekly Standard, Vol. 6, No. 36, June 4, 2001.
A definitive summary of Bush Administration foreign policy thinking by a friend of the Bush administration.
Kristoff, Nicholas D. "The Real Chinese Threat." The New York Times Magazine. August 27, 1995, pp. 50-51.
The Chinese are coming.
O'Hanlon, Michael E., and Philip H. Gordon. "Is Fighting Iraq Worth the Risks?" New York Times. July 25, 2002, p. A17.
The authors complain that the Bush Administration hasn't yet made a persuasive case for war on Iraq.
Pollack, Kenneth M. "Next Stop Baghdad?" Foreign Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 2, March/April 2002, pp. 32-47.
A thoughtful advocacy for invading Iraq and ousting Saddam Hussein. Pollack fears that unless the U.S. acts Saddam will launch regional aggression under the umbrella of his emerging nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. Pollack is less worried that Saddam will transfer WMD to terrorists.
Schelling, Thomas C. "What Makes Greenhouse Sense? Time to Rethink the Kyoto Protocol." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 3, May/June 2002, pp. 2-9.
The Kyoto accord was flawed, says Schelling, but global warming poses a serious threat that must be addressed. He proposes ways to fix Kyoto's flaws and urges the U.S. to get behind a new program to address the global warming danger.
Scowcroft, Brent. "Don't Attack Saddam." The Wall Street Journal. August 15, 2002.
A senior Bush Administration heavy weighs in against a precipitous attack on Iraq.
Seitz, Frederick. "Missile Defense Isn't Rocket Science." The Wall Street Journal. July 7, 2000.
A positive view of national missile defense.
"In Cheney's Words: The Adminstration Case for Removing Saddam Hussein." New York Times. August 27, 2002, p. A8.
The definitive adminstration argument to date for invading Iraq.
"Tables by Hannes Adomeit."
Some alarming demographic data on the former USSR.
Readings denoted below with a "##" are on reserve at Dewey library.
Historiographical surveys on American foreign policy:
Carroll, John M., and George C. Herring, eds. Modern American Diplomacy. Rev. ed. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1996.
A collection of bibliographic review essays on aspects of American diplomatic history.
## Combs, Jerald A. American Diplomatic History: Two Centuries of Changing Interpretations. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
An excellent overview of American diplomatic historiography.
Haines, Gerald K., and J. Samuel Walker, eds. American Foreign Relations: A Historiographical Review. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1981.
Like Carroll & Herring, a collection of bibliographic review essays.
Hogan, Michael, ed. America and the World: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations since 1941. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Fourteen historiographical reviews, most from the journal Diplomatic History.
Bibliographies on American foreign policy:
Beede, Benjamin R. Intervention and Counterinsurgency: An Annotated Bibliography of the Small Wars of the United States, 1898-1984. New York: Garland, 1985.
The Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR). Guide to American Foreign Relations Since 1700. Edited by Richard Dean Burns. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1983.
An enormous (1311 pages) and excellent bibliography.
Smith, Jr., Myron J. The Secret Wars: A Guide to Sources in English. Vol. 2: Intelligence, Propaganda and Psychological Warfare, Covert Operations, 1945-1980. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio, 1981.
For more bibliographies see also:
American Historical Review.
More than half of this journal is devoted to useful book reviews, many of books on U.S. foreign relations.
Combs, Jerald A. The History of American Foreign Policy. 2 vols. New York: Knopf, 1986.
This text also has useful bibliographical notes at the ends of chapters.
Paterson, Thomas G., J. Garry Clifford, and Kenneth J. Hagan. American Foreign Relations. Vol. 2: A History Since 1895. 5th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
This text (assigned for this course) has useful bibliographical notes at the ends of chapters.
"Recent Books on International Relations." Foreign Affairs.
Section reviews most important books on U.S. foreign policy.
Websites to consult:
www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/meria/research-g/us-policy.html
This site is a research guide to internet resources on American foreign policy. See other
websites referenced there.
Textbooks and surveys:
## Bailey, Thomas A. A Diplomatic History of the American People. 10th ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980.
## Combs, Jerald A. The History of American Foreign Policy. 2 vols. New York: Knopf, 1986.
Hartmann, Frederick H., and Robert L. Wendzel. America's Foreign Policy in a Changing World. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.
Jones, Howard. Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations from 1897. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2002.
Jones, Howard. Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2002.
Kennan, George F. American Diplomacy, 1900-1950. New York: New American Library, 1951.
Melanson, Richard A., American Foreign Policy Since the Vietnam War. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1998.
Stoessinger, John G. Nations in Darkness: Russia, China, and America. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990.
(An interpretive survey.)
Wittkopf, Eugene R., Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and James M. Scott. American Foreign Policy. 6th ed. Florence, KY: Thompson Wadsworth, 2002.
Historical document & essay collections:
Paterson, Thomas G., and Dennis Merrill, eds., Major Problems in American Foreign Relations. 2 vols. 4th ed. Lexington: D.C. Heath, 1994.
Paterson, Thomas G, ed. Major Problems in American Foreign Policy. 2 vols. 3rd ed. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1989.
Journals:
American Historical Review. A general historical journal that gives good coverage to American diplomatic history.
Diplomatic History. The main journal covering American diplomatic history.
Foreign Affairs. The first and most famous journal of American foreign policy opinion. Published by the Council on Foreign Relations. For many decades it offered yawnsome pontifications by senior officials who repeated conventional wisdoms. In the 1970s, and also more recently, it has shown marked signs of life.
Foreign Policy. A prominent if irritatingly undocumented journal of current policy. Journal of Cold War History. A promising new history journal.
International Security. The leading American journal of military and foreign policy.
The National Interest. The leading conservative foreign policy journal.
Security Studies. Another journal of military and foreign policy.
Survival. A Europe-oriented journal of military and foreign policy.
Press & radio on world affairs:
BBC World Service. Good world news coverage, aired in Boston at 9:00-10:00 a.m., 7:00-7:30 p.m., 10:00-10:30 p.m., and 12:00-1:00 a.m. daily on WBUR (90.9 FM radio). Less fun than KISS 108 but better for your brain.
The Economist. A British weekly newsmagazine. The best single printed news source on current world affairs.
The Far Eastern Economic Review. A fine newsmagazine covering Asian affairs.
Readers on current policy questions:
Oye, Kenneth A., Robert J. Lieber, and Donald Rothchild. Eagle in a New World: American Grand Strategy in the Post-Cold War Era. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.
Rourke, John T. Taking Sides. 4th ed. Guilford, Conn.: Dushkin, 1992.
Theories of International Politics & of American Foreign Policy:
Art, Robert J., and Robert Jervis, eds. International Politics: Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issues. 3rd ed. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.
Cohen, Benjamin. The Question of Imperialism. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
Holsti, Ole R. "Models of International Relations and Foreign Policy." Diplomatic History, Vol. 13. No. 1, Winter 1989, pp. 15-44.
Holsti, K.J. The Dividing Discipline: Hegemony and Diversity in International Theory. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1985.
Ikenberry, G. John, ed. American Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays. New York: HarperCollins, 1989.
Kegley, Jr., Charles W., and Eugene R. Wittkopf, eds. The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence. New York: St. Martin's, 1988.
Waltz, Kenneth N. Theory of International Politics. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979.
Peace Movements:
Johnson, Robert David. The Peace Progressives and American Foreign Relations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994.
Foreign lobbies, propaganda, and the press as influences on American foreign
policy:
Cull, Nicholas John. Selling War: The British Propaganda Campaign Against American "Neutrality" in World War II. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Koen, Ross Y. The China Lobby in American Politics. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.
Mannheim, Jarol B. Strategic Public Diplomacy and American Foreign Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Neuman, Johanna. Lights, Camera, War: Is Media Technology Driving International Politics? New York: St. Martin's, 1996.
Peterson, Horace C. Propaganda for War: The Campaign Against American Neutrality, 1914-1917. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1939.
Seib, Philip. Headline Diplomacy: How News Coverage Affects Foreign Policy. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997.
Squires, J. Duane. British Propaganda at Home and in the United States from 1914 to 1917. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1935.
Strobel, Warren P. Late-Breaking Foreign Policy: The News Media's Influence on Peace Operations. Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 1998.
American Grand Strategy:
Art, Robert J. "A Defensible Defense: America's Grand Strategy After the Cold War." International Security, Vol. 15. No. 4, Spring, 1991, pp. 5-53.
A survey of American interests and strategic choices after the Cold War.
Burnham, James. Containment or Liberation? An Inquiry into the Aims of United States Foreign Policy. New York: John Day, 1954.
The best statement of the rollback viewpoint.
David, Steven R. "Why the Third World Matters." International Security, Vol. 14. No. 1, Summer 1989, pp. 50-85.
A late Cold War argument for continued engagement in the Third World.
Gholz, Eugene, Daryl G. Press, and Harvey M. Sapolsky. "Come Home America: The Strategy of Restraint in the Face of Temptation." International Security, Vol. 21. No. 4, Spring 1997, pp. 5-48.
Lynn-Jones, Sean M., and Steven E. Miller, eds. America's Strategy in a Changing World: An International Security Reader. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992.
Spykman, Nicholas. America's Strategy in World Politics: The United States and the Balance of Power. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1942.
A prominent early argument for European engagement, premised on geopolitics.
Tucker, Robert W. A New Isolationism: Threat or Promise? Washington, DC: Potomac Associates, 1972.
A statement of the isolationist viewpoint.
Walt, Stephen M. "The Case for Finite Containment: Analyzing U.S. Grand Strategy." International Security, Vol. 10, No. 1, Summer 1989, pp. 5-49.
A late Cold War argument for U.S. engagement in Europe and withdrawal from the Third World.
The United States and Human Rights:
Claude, Richard, and Burns Weston, eds. Human Rights in the World Community:Issues and Action. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989.
Forsythe, David P. Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy: Congress Reconsidered. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1988.
Forsythe, David P. Human Rights and World Politics. 2nd rev. ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983.
Halperin, Morton H., and David Scheffer, with Patricia L. Small. Self-Determination in the New World Order. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment 1992.
Human Rights Watch. The Bush Administration's Record on Human Rights in 1989. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1990.
Human Rights Watch. World Report 1990. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1991, and later years.
Lacqueur, Walter, and Barry Rubin, eds. The Human Rights Reader. Rev. ed. New York: Meridian, 1990.
Schoultz, Lars. Human Rights and United States Policy Toward Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
Slater, Jerome, and Terry Nardin. "Nonintervention and Human Rights." Journal of Politics, Vol. 48, 1986, pp. 86-96.
The United States and democracy:
Carothers, Thomas. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999.
Smith, Tony. America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
Foreign aid and NGOs:
Maren, Michael. The Road to Hell: The Ravaging Effects of Foreign Aid and International Charity. New York: Free Press, 1997.
The United States and World War I:
Beard, Charles A. The Devil Theory of War: An Inquiry into the Nature of History and the Possibility of Keeping Out of War. New York: Vanguard Press, 1936.
Buerhig, Edward H. Woodrow Wilson and the Balance of Power. Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1968.
Clements, Kendrick A. The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1992, pp. 93-203.
Coogan, John W. The End of Neutrality: The United States, Britain, and Maritime Rights, 1899-1915. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981.
## Gregory, Ross. The Origins of American Intervention in the First World War. New York: W.W. Norton, 1971.
Knock, Thomas J. To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Levin, N. Gordon. Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968.
## Link, Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson: Revolution, War, and Peace. Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1979.
May, Ernest R. The World War and American Isolation, 1914-1917. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959. Excerpted in The Use of Force. Edited by Robert J. Art, and Kenneth N. Waltz. 3rd ed. New York: University Press of America, 1988.
Nordholt, Jan Willem Schulte. Woodrow Wilson: A Life for World Peace. Trans. by Herbert Rowen. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
Peterson, Horace C. Propaganda for War: The Campaign Against American Neutrality, 1914-1917. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1939.
Squires, J. Duane. British Propaganda at Home and in the United States from 1914 to 1917. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1935.
Waltz, Kenneth N. The Use of Force. 1st ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1971, pp. 298-315.
The United States and World War II:
Adler, Selig. The Isolationist Impulse: Its Twentieth Century Reaction. New York: Abelard-Schuman, 1957.
Adler, Selig. The Uncertain Giant, 1921-1941: American Foreign Policy Between the Wars. New York: Collier, 1965.
Burns, James MacGregor. Roosevelt 1940-1945: The Soldier of Freedom. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970.
Cull, Nicholas John. Selling War: The British Propaganda Campaign Against American "Neutrality" in World War II. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Divine, Robert A. The Reluctant Belligerent: American Entry into World War II. Huntington, NY: Krieger, 1976.
Divine, Robert A. Roosevelt and World War II. New York: Penguin, 1970.
## Doenecke, Justus D., and John E. Wilz. From Isolation to War, 1931-1941. 3rd ed. Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 2003.
The best single-volume survey.
Doenecke, Justus D. "U.S. Policy and the European War, 1939-1941." Diplomatic History, Vol. 19. No. 4, Fall 1995, pp. 669-698.
Frank, Richard B. Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. New York: Random House, 1999.
Jonas, Manfred. Isolationism in America, 1935-1941. Chicago: Imprint, 1990.
Greenfield, Kent Roberts. American Strategy in World War II: A Reconsideration. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963.
Heinrichs, Waldo. The Threshold of War: Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Entry into World War II. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Neumann, William L. America Encounters Japan. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1963, pp. 184-289.
Russett, Bruce M. No Clear and Present Danger: A Skeptical View of the U.S. Entry Into World War II. New York: Harper & Row, 1972.
Stoler, Mark. Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
Utley, Jonathan G. Going to War With Japan, 1937-1941. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985.
Wyman, David S. Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis 1938-1941. New York: Pantheon, 1968.
Wyman, David S. The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941-1945. New York: Pantheon, 1984.
Origins of the Cold War:
Gaddis, John Lewis. "The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on the Origins of the Cold War." Diplomatic History, Vol. 7. No. 3, Summer 1983, pp. 171-190.
## Gaddis, John Lewis. Russia, The Soviet Union and the United States. New York: John Wiley, 1978, pp. 175-206.
## Gaddis, John Lewis. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War 1941-1947. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.
Graebner, Norman A, ed. The Cold War. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1976.
## Paterson, Thomas G., and Robert J. McMahon, eds. The Origins of the Cold War. 3rd ed. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1991.
Westad, Odd Arne, ed. Reviewing the Cold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory. London: Frank Cass, 2000.
Soviet-American relations, the Cold War:
Gaddis, John Lewis. Russia, The Soviet Union and the United States. New York: John Wiley, 1978.
Garthoff, Raymond L. Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan. Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1985.
Garthoff, Raymond L. The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War. Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1994.
Kennan, George F. Russia and the West Under Lenin and Stalin. New York: New American Library, 1960.
LaFeber, Walter. America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1992. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.
Nathan, James A., and James K. Oliver. United States Foreign Policy and World Order. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, 1989.
## Spanier, John W. American Foreign Policy Since World War II. 12th ed. New York: Praeger, 1992.
Walker, Martin. The Cold War: A History. New York: Henry Holt, 1993.
Chinese-American Relations:
Alexander, Bevin. The Strange Connection: U.S. Intervention in China, 1944-1972. New York: Greenwood, 1992.
Bernstein, Richard, and Ross H. Munro. The Coming Conflict with China. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1997.
Chiang, Hsiang-tse. The United States and China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
Christensen, Thomas J. "A 'Lost Chance' For What? Rethinking the Origins of U.S.-PRC Confrontation." Journal of American-East Asian Relations, Vol. 4. No. 3, Fall 1995, pp. 249-278.
Christensen, Thomas J. Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-58. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
Foot, Rosemary. The Practice of Power: U.S. Relations with China since 1949. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.
Freeman, Chas. W. "Sino-American Relations: Back to Basics." Foreign Policy, Vol. 104, Fall 1996, pp. 3-17.
Harding, Harry. A Fragile Relationship: The United States and China since 1972. Washington, DC: Brookings, 1992.
Nathan, Andrew J., and Robert S. Ross. The Great Wall and the Empty Fortress: China's Search for Security. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997.
Schaller, Michael. The United States and China in the Twentieth Century. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Shambaugh, David. Beautiful Imperialist: China Perceives America, 1972-1990. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.
Stoessinger, John. Nations in Darkness--China, Russia, and America. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990.
Wang, Chi. History of U.S.-China Relations: A Bibliographical Research Guide. McLean, Va.: Academic Press of America, 1991.
The Korean War:
Brodie, Bernard. War and Politics. New York: Macmillan, 1973, pp. 57-112.
Baldwin, Frank, ed. Without Parallel: The American-Korean Relationship Since 1945. New York: Pantheon, 1974.
Christensen, Thomas J. "Threats, Assurances, and the Last Chance for Peace." International Security, Vol. 17. No. 1, Summer 1992, pp. 122-154.
Christensen, Thomas J. Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
Cumings, Bruce. The Origins of the Korean War. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
## Foot, Rosemary. The Wrong War: American Policy and the Dimensions of the Korean Conflict, 1950-1953. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985.
Halperin, Morton H, eds. "The Korean War." In The Use of Force. Edited by Robert J. Art, and Kenneth N. Waltz. 3rd ed. New York: University Press of America, 1988, pp. 220-237.
Jervis, Robert. "The Impact of the Korean War on the Cold War." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 24. no. 4, Dec. 1980, pp. 563-92.
## Kaufmann, Burton I. The Korean War: Challenges in Crisis, Credibility, and Command. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986.
Lichterman, Martin. "To the Yalu and Back." In American Civil-Military Relations: A Book of Case Studies. Edited by Harold Stein. Birmingham: University of Alabama Press, for the Twentieth Century Fund, 1963, pp. 569-642.
Lowe, Peter. The Origins of the Korean War. New York: Longmans, 1986.
Nathan, James A., and James K. Oliver. United States Foreign Policy and World Order. Boston: Little, Brown, 1976, pp. 142-190.
Paige, Glenn D. The Korean Decision, June 24-30, 1950. New York: Free Press, 1968.
Rees, David. Korea: The Limited War. Baltimore: Penguin, 1970.
Sandler, Stanley, ed. The Korean War: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1994.
Simmons, Robert R. The Strained Alliance. New York: Free Press, 1975.
## Spanier, John W. The Truman-MacArthur Controversy and the Korean War. New York: W.W. Norton, 1965.
Stueck, Jr., William W. Road to Confrontation: American Policy Toward China and Korea, 1947-1950. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.
Whiting, Allen. China Crosses the Yalu: The Decision to Enter the Korean War. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960.
U.S. National Security Policy:
Art, Robert J., and Waltz, Kenneth N, eds. The Use of Force. 3rd ed. New York: University Press of America, 1988.
Eden, Lynn, and Miller, Steven E, eds. Nuclear Arguments: Understanding the Strategic Nuclear Arms and Arms Control Debates. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989.
Enthoven, Alain C., and K. Wayne Smith. How Much Is Enough? Shaping the Defense Program, 1961-1969. New York: Harper Colophon, 1971.
Kaplan, Fred. The Wizards of Armageddon. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983.
Miller, Steven E., and Sean M. Lynn-Jones, eds. Conventional Forces and American Defense Policy: An International Security Reader. Rev. ed. Cambridge: MIT press, 1989.
Miller, Steven E., and Stephen Van Evera, eds. Naval Strategy and National Security: An International Security Reader. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.
Miller, Steven E., ed. Strategy and Nuclear Deterrence: An International Security Reader. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
Reichart, John F., and Sturm, Steven R. American Defense Policy. 5th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.
Sagan, Scott Douglas. Moving Targets: Nuclear Strategy and National Security. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.
Smoke, Richard. National Security and the Nuclear Dilemma: An Introduction to the American Experience in the Cold War. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.
U.S. Foreign Economic Policy:
Destler, I.M. American Trade Politics. 2nd ed. New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1992.
Gilpin, Robert, eds. The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
Gilpin, Robert. "The Politics of Transnational Economic Relations." In Transnational Relations and World
Politics. Edited by Robert O. Keohane, and Joseph S. Nye. Cambridge: Harvard Univesity Press, 1970, pp. 48-69.
Lawrence, Robert Z., and Charles L. Schultze, eds. An American Trade Strategy: Options for the 1990s Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1990.
Oye, Kenneth A. Economic Discrimination and Political Exchange. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.
Thurow, Lester. Head to Head: The Coming Economic Battle Among Japan, Europe and America. New York: Warner, 1992.
Cold War Crises: Berlin, Offshore Islands, and Cuba 1962:
Berlin, 1948 & 1958-1962:
George, Alexander L., and Richard Smoke. Deterrence in American Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974, pp. 107-136 and 390-444.
Offshore Islands:
Chang, Gordon H. Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990, pp. 116-142 and 182-199.
George, Alexander L. and Richard Smoke. Deterrence in American Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), pp. 266-292 and 363-386.
Cuban Missile Crisis:
Abel, Elie. The Missile Crisis. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1968.
Allison, Graham. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown, 1971.
Bundy, McGeorge, transcriber, and James G. Blight, ed. "October 27, 1962: Transcripts of the Meetings of the ExComm." International Security, Vol. 12, No. 3, Winter 1987/88, pp. 30-92.
Chang, Laurence, and Peter Kornbluh, eds. The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: A National Security Archive Documents Reader. New York: The New Press, 1992
Divine, Robert A, ed. The Cuban Missile Crisis. 2nd. ed. New York: Marcus Weiner, 1988.
## Garthoff, Raymond. Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis. Rev. ed. Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1989.
Trachtenberg, Marc. "White House Tapes and Minutes of the Cuban Missile Crisis: ExComm Meetings October 1962." International Security, Vol. 10, No. 1, Summer 1985, pp. 164-203.
Welch, David A., and Blight, James G. "An Introduction to the ExComm Transcripts." International Security, Vol. 12, No. 3, Winter 1987/88, pp.5-29.
Wohlstetter, Albert and Roberta. "Controlling the Risks in Cuba." In The Use of Force. Edited by Robert J. Art, and Kenneth N. Waltz. 3rd ed. New York: University Press of America, 1988, pp. 238-273.
The Indochina War:
Adams, Sam. "Vietnam Coverup: Playing War With Numbers." Harpers, May 1975, pp. 41-75.
## Berman, Larry. Lyndon Johnson's War: The Road to Stalemate in Vietnam. New York: W.W. Norton, 1989.
Berman, Larry. No Peace, No Honor: Nixon, Kissinger, and Betrayal in Vietnam. New York: Free Press, 2001.
Berman, Larry. Planning a Tragedy: The Americanization of the War in Vietnam. New York: W.W. Norton, 1982.
Blachman, Morris J. "The Stupidity of Intelligence." In Readings in American Foreign Policy: A
Bureaucratic Perspective. Edited by Morton H. Halperin and Arnold Kanter. Boston: Little, Brown, 1973, pp. 328-334.
Brodie, Bernard. War and Politics. New York: Macmillan, 1973, pp. 113-222 ("Vietnam").
Caputo, Philip. Rumor of War. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1977.
## Chanda, Nayan. Brother Enemy: The War After the War: A History of Indochina Since the Fall of Saigon. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986.
## Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars. The Indochina Story. New York: Bantam, 1970.
DiLeo, David L. George Ball, Vietnam, and the Rethinking of Containment. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.
Duiker, William J. U.S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.
Ellsberg, Daniel. Papers on the War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972.
## Gelb, Leslie H., and Richard K. Betts. The Irony of Vietnam: The System Worked. Washington: Brookings, 1979.
## Gettleman, Marvin E., Jane Franklin, Marilyn Young, and H. Bruce Franklin, eds. Vietnam and America, A Documentary History. New York: Grove Press, 1985.
Griffin, William, and Marciano, John. Teaching the Vietnam War. Montclair, NJ: Allenheld-Osmond, 1980, pp. xv-51.
## Halberstam, David. The Best and the Brightest. Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett Crest, 1973.
Janis, Irving. "Escalation of the Vietnam War." In Victims of Groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972, pp. 101-135.
## Kahin, George McT. Intervention: How America Became Involved in Vietnam. New York: Knopf, 1986.
## Kahin, George McT., and John W. Lewis. The United States in Vietnam. Rev. ed. New York: Delta, 1969.
Kahn, E.J. The China Hands: America's Foreign Service Officers and What Befell Them. New York: Viking, 1975.
Kail, F. M. What Washington Said: Administration Rhetoric and the Vietnam War, 1949-1969. New York: HarperCollins, 1973.
Kimball, Jeffrey P. To Reason Why: The Debate About the Causes of U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990.
Lind, Michael. Vietnam: The Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict. New York: Free Press, 1999.
Longevall, Frederik. Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999.
Mann, Robert. A Grand Delusion: America's Descent Into Vietnam. New York: Basic Books, 2001.
## McMahon, Robert J, ed. Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War. Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath, 1990.
MacDonald, Douglas J. "Falling Dominoes and System Dynamics: A Risk Aversion Perspective." In Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War. Edited by Robert J. McMahon. Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath, 1990, pp. 225-258.
McNamara, Robert S., James G. Blight, and Robert K. Brigham. Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietna, Tragedy. New York: Public Affairs, 1999.
## Nixon, Richard M. No More Vietnams. New York: Arbor House, 1985.
Olson, James S., and Randy Roberts. Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam, 1945-1990. New York: St. Martin's, 1991.
## The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of United States Decisionmaking on Vietnam. 4 vols. Boston: Beacon Press, 1973.
Also issued in an abridged edition by The New York Times: The New York Times, The Pentagon Papers. New York: New York Times, 1971.
## Podhoretz, Norman. Why We Were in Vietnam. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982.
Poole, Peter A., ed. Eight Presidents and Indochina. Huntington, New York: Krieger, 1978.
Porter, Gareth, ed. Vietnam: A History in Documents. New York: New American Library, 1981.
Prados, John. The Hidden History of the Vietnam War. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1995.
## Raskin, Marcus G., and Bernard B. Fall, eds. The Viet-Nam Reader. New York: Vintage, 1967.
Rotter, Andrew J. The Path to Vietnam: Origins of the American Commitment to Southeast Asia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987.
## Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. The Bitter Heritage: Vietnam and American Democracy, 1941-1968. Rev. ed. New York: Fawcett, 1968.
Schulzinger, Robert D. A Time for War: The United States and Vietnam, 1941- 1975. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
## Shawcross, William. Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979.
Slater, Jerome. "The Domino Theory and International Politics: The Case of Vietnam." Security Studies, Vol. 3. No. 2, Winter 1993/94, pp. 186-224.
Terry, Wallace. Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans. New York: Random House, 1984.
Thomson, James C. "How Could Vietnam Happen? An Autopsy." In Readings in American Foreign Policy: A
Bureaucratic Perspective. Edited by Morton H. Halperin and Arnold Kanter. Boston: Little, Brown, 1973, pp. 98-110.
VanDeMark, Brian. Into the Quagmire: Lyndon Johnson and the Escalation of the Vietnam War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Wells, Tom. The War Within: America's Battle Over Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
Whitworth, William. Naive Questions About War and Peace. New York: Norton, 1970.
## Williams, William Appleman, Thomas McCormick, Lloyd Gardner, and Walter LaFeber, eds. America in Vietnam: A Documentary History. Garden City, New York: Anchor, 1985.
Young, Marilyn Blatt. The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
A bibliography is:
## Burns, Richard Dean, and Milton Leitenberg. The Wars in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, 1945-1982: A Bibliographic Guide. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio, 1984.
The Spanish-American-Filipino War, 1898-1902:
Beede, Benjamin R., ed. The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions 1898-1934: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1994.
Beisner, Robert L. From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865-1900. New York: Crowell, 1975.
Brands, H.W. Bound to Empire: The United States and the Philippines. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Dobson, John. Reticent Expansionism: The Foreign Policy of William McKinley. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1988.
Fuchs, Elinor, and Joyce Antler. Year One of the Empire: A Play of American Politics, War and Protest Taken from the Historical Record. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1973.
Grenville, John A.S., and George Berkley, Young, Politics, Strategy, and American Diplomacy, 1873-1917. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966, pp. 239-296.
Halle, Louis. Dream and Reality: Aspects of American Foreign Policy. New York: Harper Colophon, 1974, pp. 176-214.
Healy, David. U.S. Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1970.
LaFeber, Walter. The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1963.
Linn, Brian McAllister. The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899-1902. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.
Miller, Stuart Creighton. "Benevolent Assimilation": The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982.
Musicant, Ivan. Empire By Default: The Spanish-American War and the Dawn of the American Century. New York: Henry Holt, 1998.
Offner, John L. An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain Over Cuba, 1895-1898. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
Paterson, Thomas G., and Stephen G. Rabe, eds. Imperial Surge: The United States Abroad, the 1890s-Early 1900s. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1992.
Schirmer, Daniel B., and Stephen Rosskamm Shalom. The Philippines Reader: A History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance. Boston: South End Press, 1987.
Schirmer, Daniel B. Republic or Empire: American Resistance to the Philippine War. Cambridge: Schenkman, 1972.
Seager II, Robert. "The Naval Lobby." In Expansionism and Imperialism. Edited by Alexander E. Campbell. New York: Harper & Row, 1970, pp. 68-79.
Wolff, Leon. Little Brown Brother: America's Forgotten Bid for Empire Which Cost 250,000 Lives. New York: Longmans, 1961, also New York: Kraus Reprint, 1970.
Histories of other American interventions in the Third World:
The interventions of 1900-1934:
Beede, Benjamin R, ed. The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions 1898-1934: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1994.
Gil, Federico. "The Interventionist Era, 1904-1933." Chap. 4 In Latin American-United States Relations. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971, pp. 86-116.
Overviews of Cold War interventions:
Barnet, Richard J. Intervention and Revolution: America's Confrontation with Insurgent Movements Around the World. New York: Meridian, 1972.
Blasier, Cole. The Hovering Giant: U.S. Responses to Revolutionary Change in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985.
Schraeder, Peter J., ed. Intervention Into the 1990s. 2nd ed. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1992.
Shafer, Michael. Deadly Paradigms: The Failure of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.
Smith, Peter H. Talons of the Eagle: Dynamics of U.S.-Latin American Relations. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Overviews of covert operations:
Blum, William. Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995. This is an update of Blum, William. The CIA: A Forgotten History. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed, 1986.
Borosage, Robert. and John Marks, eds. The CIA File. New York: Grossman, 1976.
Knott, Stephen F. Secret and Sanctioned: Covert Operations and the American Presidency. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Powers, Thomas. The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.
Wise, David B., and Thomas B. Ross. The Invisible Government: The CIA and U.S. Intelligence. New York: Vintage, 1974.
Iran 1953:
Bill, James A. Chap. 2 In The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988, pp. 51-97 (on the 1953 Mossadeq coup).
Gasiorowski, Mark J. U.S. Foreign Policy and the Shah: Building a Client State in Iran. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991.
Gavin, Francis. "Politics, Power, and U.S. Policy in Iran, 1950-1953." Journal of Cold War History, Vol. 1. No. 1, Winter 1999, pp. 56-89.
Ruehsen, Moyara de Moraes. "Operation 'Ajax' Revisited: Iran, 1953." Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 29. No. 3, 1993, pp. 467-486.
Guatemala 1954:
Cullather, Nick. The CIA's Classified Account of Its Operations in Guatemala, 1952-1954. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.
Kinzer, Stephen, and Stephen Schlesinger. Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala. Exp. ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Bay of Pigs 1961:
Janis, Irving. "A Perfect Failure: The Bay of Pigs." In Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982, pp. 14-47.
Rabe, Stephen G. Eisenhower and Latin America. University of North Carolina Press, 1988, pp. 117-173 (on the Bay of Pigs).
Dominican Republic 1965:
Llosa, Mario Vargas. The Feast of the Goat. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2001.
This is on Trujillo's fall in 1961--background to the 1965 intervention. A novel but historically accurate.
Slater, Jerome. "The Dominican Republic, 1961-66." In Force Without War: U.S. Armed Forces as a Political Instrument. Edited by Barry M. Blechman and Stephen S. Kaplan. Washington, DC: Brookings, 1978, pp. 289-342.
Slater, Jerome. Intervention and Negotiation: The United States and the Dominican Revolution. New York: Harper & Row, 1970.
Chile 1973:
Davis, Nathaniel. The Last Two Years of Salvador Allende. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985.
Hersh, Seymour. The Price of Power. New York: Summit, 1983, pp. 258-297.
On the 1973 Chile coup.
Petras, James. and Morris Morley. The United States and Chile: Imperialism and the Overthrow of the Allende Government. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975.
Sigmund, Paul. The Overthrow of Allende and the Politics of Chile, 1964-1976. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977.
U.S. Senate, 94th Congress, First Session. "Covert Action in Chile, 1963-73." In Hearings Before the Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. Vol. 7: Covert Action, pp. 144-203.
This is the Chile study of the "Church Committee Hearings."
Valenzuela, Arturo. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Chile. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
African interventions since the 1970s:
Cohen, Herman J. Intervening in Africa: Superpower Peacemaking in a Troubled Continent. New York: Palgrave, 2000.
Angola 1975:
Stockwell, John. In Search of Enemies: A CIA Story. New York: W.W. Norton, 1978.
Central Americas in the 1980s:
Americas Watch. El Salvador and Human Rights. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1991.
Amnesty International. El Salvador: "Death Squads"--A Government Strategy. London: Amnesty International, 1988.
Coatsworth, John H. Central America and the United States: The Clients and the Colossus. New York: MacMillan, 1994.
Gilbert, Dennis. Sandinistas: The Party and the Revolution. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988, pp. 162-174.
Human Rights Watch. El Salvador's Decade of Terror: Human Rights Since the Assassination of Archbishop Romero. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.
Kenworthy, Eldon. America/Américas: Myth in the Making of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America. University Park: Penn State Press, 1995.
Kinzer, Stephen. Blood of Brothers: Life and War in Nicaragua. New York: Putnam, 1991.
LaFeber, Walter. Inevitable Revolutions. New York: W.W. Norton, 1984.
Parry, Robert., and Peter Kornbluh. "Iran-Contra's Untold Story." Foreign Policy, No. 72, Fall 1988, pp. 3-30.
Pastor, Robert. Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
Reagan Doctrine, 1985-1991:
Hahn, Walter F, ed. Central America and the Reagan Doctrine. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1987.
Johnson, Robert. "Rollback Revisited: A Reagan Doctrine for Insurgent Wars?" In Overseas Development Council Policy Focus. No. 1, 1986, pp. 1-12.
Tucker, Robert W. Intervention and the Reagan Doctrine. New York: Council on Religion and International Affairs, 1985.
Persian Gulf War, 1991:
Sciolino, Elaine. The Outlaw State: Saddam Hussein's Quest for Power and the Gulf Crisis. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
Tucker, Robert W, and David C. Hendrickson. The Imperial Temptation: The New World Order and America's Purpose. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1992, pp. 73-162 (on the Gulf War).
U.S. News & World Report. Triumph Without Victory: The History of the Persian Gulf War. New York: Times Books, 1992.
Analytical assessments of Third World intervention:
Feinberg, Richard. The Intemperate Zone. New York: W.W. Norton, 1983.
David, Steven R. "Why the Third World Matters." International Security, Vol. 14, No. 1, Summer 1989, pp. 50-85.
Desch, Michael. "The Keys that Lock Up the World." International Security, Vol. 14. No. 1, Summer 1989, pp. 86-121.
Haass, Richard N. Intervention: The Use of American Military Force in the Post-Cold War World. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment, 1994.
Johnson, Robert H. "Exaggerating America's Stakes in Third World Conflicts." International Security, Vol. 10. No. 3, Winter 1985/86, pp. 32-68.
Kanter, Arnold, and Linton F. Brooks, eds. U.S. Intervention in the Post-Cold War World: New Challenges and New Responses. New York: American Assembly, 1994.
Rodman, Peter W. More Precious than Peace: The Cold War and the Struggle for the Third World. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995.
Slater, Jerome. "Dominos in Central America: Will They Fall? Does It Matter?" International Security, Vol. 12. No. 2, Fall 1987, pp. 105-134.
The end of the Cold War and the future, 1990s perspectives:
Fry, Earl H., Stan A. Taylor, and Robert S. Wood. America the Vincible: U.S Foreign Policy for the 21st Century. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1994.
Gaddis, John Lewis. The United States and the End of the Cold War: Implications, Reconsiderations, Provocations. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Hogan, Michael J., ed. The End of the Cold War: Its Meaning and Implications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Kennedy, Paul. Preparing for the Twenty-First Century. New York: Random House, 1993.
Klare, Michael. Rogue States and Nuclear Outlaws: America's Search for a New Foreign Policy. New York: Hill & Wang, 1995.
Shuman, Michael H., and Hal Harvey. Security Without War: A Post-Cold War Foreign Policy. Boulder: Westview Press, 1993.
The White House. A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement. Washington, DC: White House, 1994.
The terror war:
Campbell, Kurt M., and Michèle A. Flournoy, principal authors. To Prevail: An American Strategy for the Campaign Against Terrorism. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2001.
Hoge, James F., and Gideon Rose, eds. How Did This Happen? Terrorism and the New War. New York: Public Affairs Press, 2001.
Talbott, Strobe, and Nayan Chanda, eds. The Age of Terror: America and the World After September 11. New York: Basic Books, 2001.