https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83528 Wed, 08 Apr 2026 19:52:28 GMT 2026-04-08T19:52:28Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/146749 Enterprise Dynamics: Architecture-Based, Decision-Driven Approach A Collaborative MITRE-MIT Research Project Bozdogan, Kirkor This paper presents a summary discussion of the origins, evolution, and major results of the MITRE-MIT collaborative research project concentrating on the structure, dynamics, and computational modeling of complex modern enterprises. The project was initiated on October 1, 2006. The MITRE Principal Investigator for the project was Dr. Kenneth Hoffman. The MIT Principal Investigator was Dr. Kirkor Bozdogan, with Prof. Joseph Sussman serving as the MIT Co-Principal Investigator. The purpose of the project was to develop concepts, models and tools for managing enterprise complexity and dynamics in an emerging network-centric age. More specifically, the project focused on computational enterprise modeling and simulation for designing and evolving “next generation” enterprises that are flexible, adaptive and robust (FAR). The project stressed the development of a “proof-of-concept” enterprise modeling and simulation capability, to contribute towards the creation of complex enterprise systems architecting and engineering as a new field of inquiry and practice. Overall, the project has provided substantial mutual benefits to both MIT and MITRE. Tue, 30 Sep 2008 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/146749 2008-09-30T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83559 Acquisition Reform McKinney, Ethan; Gholz, Eugene; Sapolsky, Harvey M. Report on acquisition reform proposals Tue, 24 May 1994 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83559 1994-05-24T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83558 Toward Lean Hardware/Software System Development: Evaluation of Selected Complex Electronic System Development Methodologies Hou, Alexander C. As part of the Lean Aircraft Initiative, a research program studying the applicability of lean production principles to the defense aircraft industry sponsored by the Air Force and over 20 aerospace companies, this report evaluates a set of five complex electronic system development methodologies for applicability as a lean electronic hardware/software system development methodology and analyzes the implications of the evaluation results. Wed, 01 Feb 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83558 1995-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83557 Lean Aircraft Initiative Product Development Team Effectiveness Susman, Gerald; Petrick, Irene The current study explores the relative influence of function managers and team leaders in managing integrated product development teams (IPTs). This study was prompted by the results of an earlier study, completed in Spring 1995, which suggested that the most successful high risk projects had a 50/50 balance of influence in decision-malting between function managers and team leaders. This study also suggested that in the most successful low risk projects, the balance of influence shifted heavily toward team leaders. Sun, 01 Oct 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83557 1995-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83556 The Software Factory: Integrating CASE Technologies to Improve Productivity Menendez, José This report addresses the use of computer-aided software engineering (CASE) technology for the development of aircraft software. Real-time embedded software is becoming the key to implementing avionic systems functionality in all types of aircraft. As the magnitude of software to be developed increases, software development continues to be plagued by problems that result in schedule overruns, cost overruns, poor quality software and software that fails to meet operational needs. These problems include incomplete requirements definition, changing requirements, lack of a clearly defined development method, improper design, inadequate testing and inadequate tools. The major challenge is to develop quality software in a reliable and repeatable manner while improving productivity. People, process, and technology are three leverage points to meet this major challenge. Together these three leverage points are the major determinants of software quality and productivity. The focus of this report is technology, specifically integrating CASE technologies to create a software factory and automate software development. Mon, 01 Jul 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83556 1996-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83555 Labor Support Survey Summary Report Klein, Dr. Janice One of the main cost drivers in the defense aerospace industry is overhead personnel. Traditionally, labor support ratios have been used as an efficiency measure and to control overhead levels. More recently, several organizations have used labor support ratios as a basis for outsourcing and/or downsizing decisions. As a result, the Factory Operations Focus Group attempted to benchmark how member companies stand relative to one another on labor support ratio. This report outlines the survey responses and analysis and summarizes the potential factors influencing labor support ratios. It concludes with a cautionary note in how labor support ratios are used. There are multiple factors which influence labor support ratios, including a particular operation’s product-process mix and its manufacturing and workforce. Furthermore, advances in information technology and the redesign of work have obscured the distinction between touch and support jobs. Tue, 01 Oct 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83555 1996-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83554 Understanding Lean Manufacturing According to Axiomatic Design Principles Reynal, Vicente A.; Cochran, David S. The design and evaluation of manufacturing system design is the subject of this paper. Though much attention has been given to the design of manufacturing systems, in practice most efforts still remain empirically-based. Numerous idioms have been used in the attempt to describe the operation of manufacturing systems. When a company tries to become "lean" or wants to increase the production and become more efficient, the company will start to introduce numerous concepts developed by Toyota and others. The problem is that a company does not know the order in which to implement the lean changes or why they should implement what they are implementing. This approach greatly slows manufacturing improvements when complementary or contradictive concepts are introduced on an ad-hoc basis. In this paper, a sequence of implementation steps will be developed through the application of axiomatic design. This sequence will provide a design methodology for lean production which connects manufacturing system design objectives to operation design parameters. This paper will use the methodology developed to improve manufacturing processes in two different companies. Fri, 01 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83554 1996-11-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83553 Axiomatic Design of Manufacturing Systems Cochran, David S.; Reynal, Vicente A. This paper introduces the use of axiomatic design in the design of manufacturing systems. The two primary functional requirements of any manufacturing system are developed. These functional requirements are used to analyze the design of four manufacturing systems in terms of system performance. The purpose of this work is to provide a new foundation for describing, determining and rationalizing the design of any new manufacturing system. Fri, 01 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83553 1996-11-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83552 Factory Flow Benchmarking Report Kilpatrick, Auston; Quint, Mitch; Ramirez-de-Arellano, Luis G.; Schoonmaker, James The Lean Aircraft Initiative benchmarked representative part fabrications and some assembly operations within its member companies of the defense aircraft industry. This paper reports the results of this benchmarking effort. Comparisons are made using an efficiency metric called flow efficiency. Flow efficiency is defined as the ratio of the fabrication time to the cycle time. In addition, this report explores the major components of the cycle time: fabrication time, lot process delay, storage delay, and transportation delay. The report concludes that the major portion of the cycle time in this industry is storage delay and points out the opportunity to improve cycle time drastically by reducing the amount of storage delay being experienced in the fabrication of products. Sun, 01 Dec 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83552 1996-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83551 Summary Report: Systematic IPT Integration in Lean Development Programs Browning, Tyson Rodgers Integrated product development (IPD) has been established as a salient aspect of the lean enterprise paradigm. The drive towards IPD includes an impetus to organize around integrated product teams (IPTs), cross-functional groups responsible for developing a particular element of a system product. The use of IPTs has brought with it many issues, including those at the IPT interfaces. The goal of this research is to provide insight into the integration of multiple IPTs in programs. Sat, 01 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83551 1997-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83550 Implementation Workshop: High Performance Work Organizations Klein, Jan; Cutcher-Gershenfeld, Joel; Barrett, Betty Since the rise of the industrial revolution, there are few challenges that compare in scale and scope with the challenge of implementing lean principles in order to achieve high performance work systems. This report summarize key insights and learning by representatives from a cross section of organizations who are on this journey. Specifically, we report on findings from the first Lean Aircraft Initiative (LAI) Implementation Workshop, which was held on February 5-6, 1997. The report is not a “cookbook” or a “how to” manual. Rather, it is a summary of the first phase in a learning process. It is designed to codify lessons learning, facilitate diffusion among people not at the session, and set the stage for further learning about implementation. Tue, 01 Apr 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83550 1997-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83549 Lean Implementation Considerations in Factory Operations of Low Volume/High Complexity Production Systems Shields, J. Thomas; Kilpatrick, Auston; Pozsar, Michael; Ramirez-de-Arellano, Luis G.; Reynal, Vicente; Quint, Mitch; Schoonmaker, James The researchers of the Lean Aircraft Initiative developed a hypothesized lean implementation model seeking to provide its members guidance on implementing lean transitions in factory operations of low volume/high complexity production systems. The model features four phases: (1) building a lean infrastructure to support lean behavior, (2) redesigning the flow of products in the factory, (3) revamping the operations management and (4) fostering process improvement. An order of implementation is discussed and each phase has implementation steps as well. Following the development of the hypothesized lean implementation model, twelve case studies were used to test the model. This report details the model and analyzes the case studies using the model as a framework. Sat, 01 Nov 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83549 1997-11-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83548 Implementing Cross-Functional Teams in an IPPD Environment Cutcher-Gershenfeld, Joel; Klein, Jan; Pomponi, Renata Lean Aircraft Initiative Implementation Workshop report Thu, 01 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83548 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83547 The Lean Value Principle in Military Aerospace Product Development Slack, Robert A. This document takes a critical look at the first lean principle, Value. The meaning of value is investigated first in a general context, in the context of Lean Thinking, and finally in the context of other product development and business literature. This investigation found the value principle to be pertinent in the product development context and a specific definition of value was developed which facilitates an understanding of customer value in the product development arena, and assists in creating a customer focus in the lean transition process. Although Lean Thinking is customer value focused, the existence of other value perspectives is investigated. The linkage between these value perspectives is also discussed and the need to understand these linkages during the lean transition is established. Finally, specific high level attributes of customer value in the product development setting are established. Thu, 01 Jul 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83547 1999-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83546 Customer and Supplier Integration Across the Supply Chain Cutcher-Gershenfeld, Joel Lean Aircraft Initiative Implementation Workshop report Mon, 01 Mar 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83546 1999-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83545 LAI Learning Assessment: Putting the "R" in Lean Digenti, Dori An assessment of learning processes in the LAI Consortium Tue, 18 Jul 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83545 2000-07-18T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83544 Challenges in the Better, Faster, Cheaper Era of Aeronautical Design, Engineering, and Manufacturing Murman, Earll M.; Walton, Myles; Rebentisch, Eric “Better, Faster, Cheaper” (BFC) emerged in the 1990s as a new paradigm for aerospace products. In this paper, we examine some of the underlying reasons for BFC and offer some thoughts to help frame the thinking and action of aerospace industry professionals in this new era. Fri, 01 Sep 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83544 2000-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83543 Learning in the Lean Aerospace Initiative Digenti, Dori; Schein, Ed Presentation on LAI learning study Wed, 27 Sep 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83543 2000-09-27T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83542 Understanding the Enterprise Value of Test: Characterizing System Test Discrepancies in the Spacecraft Industry Weigel, Annalisa L.; Warmkessel, Joyce M. The goal of this research is to characterize the distribution and time impacts of spacecraft discrepancies found at the system level of integration and test, as well as understand the implications of those distributions and time impacts for the spacecraft enterprise as a whole. If discrepancies can be better understood, they can potentially be reduced or even eliminated. Reducing discrepancies will result in cycle time reduction and cost savings, as well as increased product quality and reliability. All of these potential outcomes are indications of successful progress toward becoming a lean organization. Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83542 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83541 Improving the Software Upgrade Value Stream Ippolito, Mr. Brian; Murman, Prof. Earll This paper reports findings from a two-year study to identify Lean practices for deriving software requirements from aerospace system level requirements, with a goal towards improving the software upgrade value stream. The study was undertaken as part of the MIT Lean Aerospace Initiative. Sat, 01 Sep 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83541 2001-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83540 Lean Aerospace Initiative Research Projects Phase III Lean Aerospace Initiative Summary of Lean Enterprise Team Projects, Product Development Team Projects, Manufacturing Systems Team Projects, Supplier Networks Team Projects, Organizations and People Team Projects, Acquisition Team Projects Mon, 15 Oct 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83540 2001-10-15T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83539 The Pursuit of Acquisition Intrapreneurs Forseth, Christopher E. This report represents research conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under the Lean Aerospace Initiative (LAI) program. The research focused on identifying Acquisition Intrapreneurs, viewed and defined for the purpose of this research as, individuals within the acquisition profession who take direct responsibility for turning ideas into products through assertive risk taking. The basis for this research stems from the agile acquisition push for “breeding innovators” to achieve a leaner and more responsive approach to the design, build, test and fielding of warfighting systems. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83539 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83538 Applying the Lessons of “Lean Now” To Transform the US Aerospace Enterprise Jobo, Ronald S. A study guide for government lean transformation Fri, 22 Aug 2003 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83538 2003-08-22T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83537 As Assessment of the Degree of Implementation of the Lean Aerospace Initiative Principles and Practices within the US Aerospace and Defense Industry Shaw, Thomas E.; Lengyel, Alexander This report is a formal documentation of the results of an assessment of the degree to which Lean Principles and Practices have been implemented in the US Aerospace and Defense Industry. An Industry Association team prepared it for the DCMA-DCAAIndustry Association “Crosstalk” Coalition in response to a “Crosstalk” meeting action request to the industry associations. The motivation of this request was provided by the many potential benefits to system/ product quality, affordability and industry responsiveness, which a high degree of industry Lean implementation can produce. Sun, 01 Feb 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83537 2004-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83536 Summary of Research Conducted by the Manufacturing Systems Team Gutowski, Prof. Timothy; Shields, J. Thomas; Vaughn, Mandy The Manufacturing Systems team was one of the research teams within the Lean Aerospace Initiative (LAI) whose goal was to document, analyze and communicate the design attributes and relationships that lead to significant performance improvements in manufacturing systems in the defense aerospace industry. This report will provide an integrated record of this research using the Production Operations Transition to Lean Roadmap as its organizing framework. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83536 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83535 Space System Architecture McManus, Dr. Hugh Final Report of SSPARC: the Space Systems, Policy, and Architecture Research Consortium (Thrust II and III) Wed, 01 Sep 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83535 2004-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83534 In Pursuit of Understanding Lean Transformation -- Capturing Local Change Journeys in a DoD Field Environment Shoepe, Ted V. The global security landscape has drastically changed since the Cold War. The attacks of September 11 and subsequent coalition operations demonstrate that the global war on terror is against a new breed of enemy - continuously changing and adapting to US military strategies and tactics. Future Department of Defense (DoD) weapon system acquisition organizations and processes must adapt with this new threat - transforming to an enterprise that is capable of quickly delivering value to the war-fighter in a resource constrained environment with high operational tempos and aging fleets. Guided by the Secretary of Defense, both the USAF and USN have adopted "lean" principles as a compass to help guide their transformational journeys. Tue, 01 Aug 2006 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83534 2006-08-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83533 System Perspective and Lean Coordination Castro, Joao The case of Open Source Software Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83533 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83532 Enabling Lean Through Customer-Focused Metrics Sen, Avijit LFM 2009 internship project Thu, 04 Jun 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83532 2009-06-04T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83531 LAI Healthcare Research Nightingale, Prof. Debbie; Oliveira, Jorge; Peck, Jordan Agenda: • Research Motivation and LAI Alignment • LAI Healthcare Research Pipeline • Overview of Research Projects • Final Comments Wed, 14 Oct 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83531 2009-10-14T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83530 Implementing Enterprise Lean A Look at Ogden Air Logistics Center Rebentisch, Dr. Eric E. This paper documents the enterprise-wide lean implementation effort at Ogden Air Logistics Center, Hill Air Force Base, Utah, and provides lessons learned for future application. Under the banner of transformation, Ogden started their enterprise lean journey in November 2003 with the Lean Aerospace Initiative (LAI) and their industry consortium members facilitating as a strategic coach. The framework for their strategy finished in June 2004. As background, the first part of the paper is dedicated to understanding the influences (geo-political, legislative, private industry/academia) affecting transformation within the Department of Defense and specific change initiatives at Air Force Materiel Command. The latter sections describe the change process itself at Ogden. Fri, 30 Jul 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83530 2004-07-30T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83529 Compilation of Lean Now! Project Reports Oehmen, Dr. Josef; Rebentisch, Dr. Eric LAI report Fri, 01 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83529 2010-10-01T00:00:00Z