https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7507 Sat, 07 Mar 2026 03:33:10 GMT 2026-03-07T03:33:10Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/164933 Pennies, Penny Pools Bucciarelli, Louis On Feburay 25, 2025, our president ordered the US Treasury to cease minting pennies. In this essay, I recount how members in Congress have tried to legislate the same - calling for rounding to the nearest nickel - but have not succeeded, some fearing that prevailing price structures (e.g., $xx.89) would leave customers on the short end of the stick over time with rounding up (customer loses) being more prevalent than rounding down (customer wins). I analyze the situation, then suggest how a “penny pool” might be used by retailers to ease the transition to a just and fair penny-less society. Tue, 24 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/164933 2026-02-24T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/164675 When the Psyche and the 'Net Collide: Sources of and potential methods for preventing Bad Behavior Online Wedeman, Sara; Clark, David D With the emergence of social networking has come a range of harmful and malicious behaviors online, including disinformation, cyberbullying, and sextortion among others. These behaviors arise from a number of causes, including the incentives of the providers of the social networking platforms and the technical affordances of those platforms, which in some cases facilitate these abuses. This report sheds light on the causes and possible mitigations of these behaviors through the lens of behavioral psychology. Results from psychological research suggest that these abuses play on specific human attributes. To design effective mitigations, it is crucial that these human attributes be understood. This report draws on literature from psychology research to outline the important human behavioral attributes, relates these to some of the important affordances found in social networking applications, and suggests possible approaches that can damp the bad behavior we observe online. This is the final report for an NSF-sponsored study of psychology literature related to the online experience, and the drivers and possible mitigations of bad behavior online. Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/164675 2026-01-29T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/163390 Negotiating With an Aggressive Competitive Negotiator (ACN) Rowe, Mary Note: This is a condensed version of material also contained in Mary Rowe's longer-form teaching note, "Notes on Dealing with an Aggressive Competitive Negotiator (ACN)," which is also available via DSpace. Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/163390 2025-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/163389 Notes on Dealing with an Aggressive Competitive Negotiator (ACN) (Especially If You Are Cooperative) Rowe, Mary Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/163389 2025-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159970 Fostering Constructive Action by Peers and Bystanders in Organizations and Communities Rowe, Mary Note: Table One in this article is a long list of “Some Naturally Occurring Helpful Bystander Actions.” This list illustrates the importance of frequent, mundane bystander actions in building community and a culture of conflict management competence, as well as the better-known decisive actions that bystanders can take in emergency situations. Sun, 01 Apr 2018 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159970 2018-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159969 When is a Difficult Person not a Difficult Person? Negotiating Across Worldviews One-on-One Rowe, Mary Wed, 01 Jun 2022 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159969 2022-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159968 Learning about Negotiating Intangibles—for Ill and for Good Rowe, Mary Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159968 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159967 Life Is Not Binary Rowe, Mary Sun, 01 Oct 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159967 2017-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159966 Negotiations Theory and Ombuds Practice Rowe, Mary Note: This article contains notes about people whose interests in negotiation are to injure the other party. Thu, 01 Oct 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159966 2015-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159965 Options, Functions, and Skills: What an Organizational Ombudsperson Might Want to Know Rowe, Mary P Note: This article was also reprinted by The Ombudsman Association in 1995. Sat, 01 Apr 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159965 1995-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159824 The Post-Tailhook Navy Designs an Integrated Dispute Resolution System Rowe, Mary P. Thu, 01 Jul 1993 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159824 1993-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159822 Whose Interests Were at Stake—And Who Was at the Table? Rowe, Mary P. Wed, 01 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159822 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159820 The Ombudsman's Role in a Dispute Resolution System Rowe, Mary P. Note: This article includes a discussion of whether “an ombuds has any power.” Also, an earlier version of this article was presented at a 1990 Society of Professionals in Dispute Resolution (SPIDR) workshop. See Mary P. Rowe, "The Ombudsman as Part of a Dispute Resolution System," presented at a Society of Professionals in Dispute Resolution (SPIDR) workshop, 1990, https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155803. Tue, 01 Oct 1991 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159820 1991-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159816 Helping People Help Themselves: An ADR Option for Complaint Handlers Rowe, Mary P. Note from the author: This article was written for complaint handlers before current laws, but it includes a review of many points relevant for complainants who are interested in helping themselves, and for complaint handlers who support them. Sun, 01 Jul 1990 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159816 1990-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159815 The Corporate Ombudsman: An Overview and Analysis. Rowe, Mary P. Wed, 01 Apr 1987 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159815 1987-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159813 People Who Feel Harassed Need a Complaint System with Both Formal and Informal Options Rowe, Mary P. Sun, 01 Apr 1990 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159813 1990-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159812 Disputes and Conflicts Inside Organizations: A Systems Approach Rowe, Mary P. This is a review of five books. Sat, 01 Apr 1989 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159812 1989-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159811 Becoming an Ombuds at MIT Rowe, Mary Mary P. Rowe served for almost 42 years as an early organizational ombuds reporting directly to five presidents of MIT. This essay recounts Rowe’s early experiences in this work as she applied for and then, in early 1973, started her job at MIT, initially with the title of Special Assistant to the President and Chancellor for Women and Work at MIT. The essay also draws connections between Rowe’s early experiences in that job and the subsequent evolution of the organizational ombuds profession. This is a draft version of the article that was subsequently published in Conflict Resolution Quarterly. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159811 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159359 The Unique—and Effective—Quartet of Standards of Practice of Organizational Ombuds: Each Standard is Necessary—and Requires the Other Three Standards Rowe, Mary; MacAllister, Bruce Employers in many sectors consider adding an organizational Ombuds (OO) to their conflict management system. However, employers often have questions about this unusual profession. How are the International Ombuds Association (IOA) Standards of Practice different from the standards of other human services professionals within organizations—and different from the standards of other Ombudsmen? How do the IOA Standards of Practice contribute to the effectiveness of OOs? Organizational Ombuds practice to a unique quartet of Standards of Practice. One or more of the IOA Standards will be familiar to many, based on some similarities in other professions: Independence, Impartiality/Neutrality, Confidentiality, and Informality. But the set of four standards taken together appears to be unique to OO practice. The four IOA Standards enable OOs to serve an organization and its members effectively—by creating a zero-barrier office (a safe, accessible, fair and credible place) for every organizational constituent to discuss good ideas and difficult or painful concerns. This article explains why each of the four Standards is necessary to create the organizational Ombuds model—and how each Standard supports the other three. Thu, 01 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159359 2025-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159358 An Unusual Harassment Training That Was Warmly Received—and, as well, Inspired Bystanders—an Organizational Ombuds Story Rowe, Mary Harassment and bullying are hard to endure and hard to stop. Many targets and bystanders fear to ask for help, fearing loss of relationships and other painful consequences. All organizations need training. However, sensitivity training about harassment is now unwelcome to many, and it is hard to prove such training is effective in terms of achieving desirable outcomes. This essay describes an effort to teach supervisors how to receive harassment concerns competently and effectively. Faculty and staff supervisors were asked to critique the performance of peers on videos—who were kind but making common mistakes—for their strengths and weaknesses as complaint-handlers. The training was voluntary, very well received, and effective in several different ways. Many organizations might adapt such training for their frontline supervisors. (Note: This article illustrates the importance of training managers and faculty about complaint-handling and about being effective bystanders.) Tue, 01 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159358 2025-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159356 Organizational Ombuds' Sources of Power and Influence Rowe, Mary This article discusses the sources of power—and the influence that derives from power—that organizational ombuds (OO) use. The article presents a standard list of ten sources of power and shows how these are affected by the International Ombuds Association (IOA) Standards of Practice. Under IOA Standards, ombuds are designated to be independent, confidential, impartial/neutral—and informal. Each IOA Standard is supported by the other three. Near-absolute confidentiality, in particular, requires the other three Standards, especially the IOA Standard of informality. And informality is vital for ombuds effectiveness. Because OOs do not make formal management decisions for the organization, other sources of power are much enhanced. These other sources of power—and the influence engendered by these sources—contribute greatly to ombuds effectiveness. Different cases may call for different sources of power at different times. In addition, ombuds may use many sources of power synergistically—that is, using many of them together. Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159356 2024-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159354 Micro-Affirmations Are Joining the Social Science Research Agenda Rowe, Mary Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159354 2024-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159353 The Most Serious Cases Reported by Organizational Ombuds: Data from Surveys and Interviews Rowe, Mary; Hedeen, Timothy; Schneider, Jennifer; Escalante, Hector Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159353 2024-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159346 Some Organizational Ombuds Achievements Reported in the 2024 IOA Survey Rowe, Mary; Hedeen, Timothy; Schneider, Jennifer; Escalante, Hector Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159346 2024-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159345 What Do Organizational Ombuds Do? And Not Do? Rowe, Mary; Hedeen, Timothy; Schneider, Jennifer; Escalante, Hector Note: This working paper is an updated version of a 2020 blog post with the same title that is also available on DSpace@ at MIT, at https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157465. This version draws on data from five biennial International Ombuds Association surveys, and the earlier version included data from only three such surveys. Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159345 2024-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159312 A Taxonomy of Organizational Ombuds: Descriptors of the Employment of Organizational Ombuds who Practice to IOA Standards of Practice Rowe, Mary; Hedeen, Timothy; Schneider, Jennifer; Escalante, Hector Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159312 2024-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159311 The Colleague Who Would Not Take "No" for an Answer Rowe, Mary Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159311 2024-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159310 The Poster War: An Ombuds Learns About Sources of Power, Helping People Help Themselves, and the Role of Affinity Groups in Bringing About Change Rowe, Mary Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159310 2024-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159309 When Two People See the Same Facts Entirely Differently Rowe, Mary Thu, 01 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159309 2024-08-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159308 Is There a Right To Be Addressed as One Wishes To Be Addressed? Rowe, Mary; Rowe, Mary This teaching case was originally presented at the 1984 Corporate Ombudsman Conference. This is a fictional case study designed for teaching use. Many details, including names and facts, were changed from the real 1973 incident. Sat, 01 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159308 2024-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159273 The Eavesdropping Manager Who Was a Hesitant Bystander Rowe, Mary Thu, 01 Feb 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159273 2024-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159234 The Hesitant Bystander with Safety Concerns and a CEO Who Is a Bully Rowe, Mary Note: This is a fictional case study designed for teaching use. Many details, including names and facts, have been changed from the real case. Thu, 01 Feb 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159234 2024-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159233 Negotiating for Jobs and Salaries (and Everything Else): Prepare, Prepare, Prepare Rowe, Mary This is a teaching note. Thu, 01 Feb 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159233 2024-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159077 Similarities and Differences Between Public and Private Sector Ombudsmen Rowe, Mary; Gottehrer, Dean M. Wed, 19 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159077 1997-03-19T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158450 BELONGING—The Feeling That We ‘Belong’ May Depend in Part on ‘Affirmations' Rowe, Mary This essay describes a poignant concern brought to the ombuds office that helped me to understand how micro-affirmations are a major part of the scaffolding of “belonging.” Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158450 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158449 Helping Hesitant Bystanders Identify Their Options: A Checklist with Examples and Ideas to Consider Rowe, Mary Organizational bystanders sometimes act heroically in emergencies. Less well known are the bystanders who act very effectively, in quiet ways, in reaction to (potentially) unacceptable behavior. In addition, many bystanders (and bystanders of bystanders) consider action, but hesitate. There are many reasons why hesitation is understandable and may be appropriate. However, in many situations, hesitation can turn into effective action. Drawing on examples from ombuds practice, this article aims to assist organizational ombuds in helping hesitant bystanders identify and evaluate their options. The article includes a checklist of questions for hesitant bystanders that ombuds may find useful—and adds to the literature about why bystanders do or do not decide to act after learning of unacceptable behavior. The checklist may also be useful to those engaged in training programs for bystanders and others who provide support to hesitant bystanders. Fri, 14 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158449 2023-07-14T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158448 Consider Generic Options When Complainants and Bystanders Are Fearful Rowe, Mary Organizational ombuds usually offer a choice of different options to constituents who call the office with a concern. In serious cases, ombuds might offer formal options such as filing a formal grievance. In addition, the ombuds can offer informal options, such as helping a visitor deal directly with their concern or offering to facilitate discussion with those involved. However, aggrieved persons and proactive bystanders often are very fearful about anyone knowing they have complained. In this situation, a “generic” approach—that focuses on an issue without naming anyone—can help to address the issues involved rather than the individuals. This can be done in ways that shield the privacy of the complainant. In addition to helping individuals, generic options serve affinity groups and the organization by supporting needed systemic improvements. This article discusses how organizational ombuds and other complaint handlers can use generic approaches in their work. Fri, 14 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158448 2023-07-14T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158447 Using Organizational Values and Mission to Guide Strategic Planning Rowe, Mary ISKCON Resolve is part of a global, integrated conflict management system serving congregations in a hundred countries for the International Society for Krishna Consciousness. This global system began in 2002—and is the only one of its kind in a worldwide faith-based organization. ISKCON Resolve is led by two organizational ombuds, Brian Bloch and Bob Cohen. They respond to visitors; train, serve and supervise dozens of mediators; and support the Governing Body Commission of the faith. This essay describes an event at which the two ombuds were supporting their incoming CEO in strategic planning for conflict management. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158447 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158445 “'Drafting a Letter' for People Dealing with Harassment or Bullying" Rowe, Mary As an early ombuds, the author discovered that drafting a structured letter about being mistreated often helped constituents—with respect to both process and outcomes. This article describes the origins of “drafting a letter” with its uses, benefits, and sources of power. Drafting such a letter provides a tripartite structure (see the Appendix) for a mistreated person to present evidence—from diaries, calendars, communications, videos, photos, phone records, etc. This structure helps in considering many options for action, for example, just thinking things through, gathering more evidence, informal discussions, mediation, or a formal complaint. Or the writer may send the letter privately to the perceived offender; such letters may work to stop specific misbehavior. If the behavior then does not stop, a safe-guarded copy of the letter can be used as evidence that the writer tried to stop it. And—very importantly—just drafting a letter may help with pain, anger, and grief. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158445 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158444 Sources of Power in Negotiations Rowe, Mary Note: This one-page list was initially compiled for MIT Sloan course 15.667. It is also available in a longer, annotated version that includes examples and a table. Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158444 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158443 Mistreatment Experiences, Protective Workplace Systems, and Occupational Distress in Physicians Rowe, Susannah G.; Stewart, Miriam T.; Van Horne, Sam; Pierre, Cassandra; Wang, Hanhan; Manukyan, Makaila; Bair-Merritt, Megan; Lee-Parritz, Aviva; Rowe, Mary P.; Shanafelt, Tait; Trockel, Mickey Reducing physician occupational distress requires understanding workplace mistreatment, its relationship to occupational well-being, and how mistreatment differentially impacts physicians of diverse identities. A survey of 1505 physicians conducted from September to October 2020 found that 23.4% had experienced mistreatment in the last year, with patients and visitors as the most frequent source of mistreatment. Women were more than twice as likely as men to experience mistreatment. Mistreatment was associated with higher levels of occupational distress, whereas the perception that protective workplace systems exist was associated with lower levels of occupational distress. These findings suggest that health care organizations should prioritize reducing workplace mistreatment, and systems that prevent workplace mistreatment may improve physicians' occupational well-being. Note: This article is the first to provide quantitative data finding that the perception that bystanders intervene when someone is mistreated is associated with better occupational well-being. Fri, 06 May 2022 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158443 2022-05-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158442 Is the Other Person Competing? Collaborating? Possibly Intending Harm? Ideas to Consider in a Negotiation Rowe, Mary Thu, 01 Sep 2022 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158442 2022-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158441 Changing Behavior, Letting It Be—Or Maybe Making It Worse: Ideas to Consider Rowe, Mary Fri, 01 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158441 2022-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158150 An Unusual Harassment Training That Was Warmly Received and Also Inspired Bystanders Rowe, Mary P. Harassment and bullying are hard to endure and hard to stop. Many targets and bystanders fear to ask for help, fearing loss of relationships and other bad consequences. All organizations need to train people about harassment. But such training is now unwelcome to many, and it is hard to prove that it is effective. This essay describes an effort to teach supervisors how to receive harassment concerns competently and effectively. Faculty and staff supervisors were asked to critique the performance of peers on videos—who were kind but making common mistakes—for their strengths and weaknesses as complaint-handlers. The training was voluntary, very well received, and effective in several different ways. (Note: This essay illustrates the importance of training managers and faculty about complaint-handling and about being effective bystanders.) Fri, 01 Oct 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158150 2021-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158144 If You Have Been Harassed or Bullied: Some Ideas to Consider Rowe, Mary Wed, 01 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158144 2021-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158134 Biomanufacturing in the U.S.: A MIT Policy Brief Love, J. Christopher; Reynolds, Elisabeth B.; Goldston, David; Frye, Hannah E. Thu, 30 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158134 2025-01-30T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158071 Organizational Ombuds Data: Helping to Understand Ombuds Effectiveness Rowe, Mary Sun, 01 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158071 2021-08-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158070 The Importance of Bystanders in Threat Assessment and Management Borum, Randy; Rowe, Mary Bystanders—those who observe or come to know about potential wrongdoing—are often the best source of pre-attack intelligence, including indicators of intent and “warning” behaviors. They are the reason that some planned attacks are foiled before they occur. Numerous studies of targeted violence (e.g., mass shootings and school shootings), have demonstrated that peers and bystanders often have knowledge of an attacker’s intentions, concerning communication, and troubling behavior before the attack occurs. This chapter describes—with empirical support—why threat assessment professionals should consider bystanders; outlines a model for understanding bystander decision making; reviews common barriers to bystander reporting; and suggests ways to mitigate those barriers, to engage bystanders at an individual level, and to improve reporting. The principal aim of threat assessment is to prevent (primarily) intentional acts of harm. When tragic incidents of planned violence occur, however, it is almost always uncovered “that someone knew something” about the attack before it happened. This happens because, as attack plans unfold, people in several different roles may know, or come to know, something about what is happening before harm occurs. The perpetrators know, and so may others, including targets, family members, friends, co-workers, or even casual observers. Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158070 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158069 Supporting Bystanders: See Something, Say Something Is Not Enough Rowe, Mary The working paper discusses the need for a zero barrier office in a conflict management system to make it less risky for bystanders to offer information in serious cases. An expanded version of this working paper was later published as Mary P. Rowe, “Bystanders: ‘See Something, Say Something’ Is Not Enough,” Alternatives to the High Cost of Litigation Vol. 39, No. 10 (November 2021): 153-165. Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158069 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157465 What Do Organizational Ombuds Do? And Not Do? Rowe, Mary; Hedeen, Timothy; Schneider, Jennifer Note: This article reflects data from three International Ombudsman Association surveys. It includes an appendix which compares organizational ombuds with other types of ombudsmen in the US. Tue, 01 Sep 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157465 2020-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157464 A Framework For Communicating How Organizational Ombuds Help to Manage Risk Rowe, Mary; Hedeen, Timothy; Schneider, Jennifer Note: Among other things, this article examines the importance of the International Ombudsman Association Standards of Practice in helping all constituents manage risks. Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157464 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157443 Bystanders Rowe, Mary; Giraldo-Kerr, Anna The concept of a bystander is frequently linked to issues of gender, in the context of bystanders who take responsible action against harassment and discrimination. Bystanders are people who observe or learn about good—or bad—behavior by others, while not knowingly engaged in planning or executing the behavior. They have no formal role in the situation and may or may not take action. If they take helpful action, they may be called “active” or “positive” bystanders, or “up-standers.” This entry considers the cultural, religious, and gender perspectives through which one can understand bystander behavior, the value of bystander training, and directions for future research. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157443 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157442 Gender Microinequities Rowe, Mary P.; Giraldo-Kerr, Anna Despite laws, regulations, and policies promoting gender equity, and some progress in education and employment settings, gender discrimination continues. Much gender bias is subtle, covert, and usually not legally actionable, despite being very common. This entry examines seemingly small, unfair, demeaning, and discriminatory behaviors and events—microinequities and microaggressions—and their impact on women and men. Sat, 01 Jul 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157442 2017-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157428 A Questionnaire for Analyzing your Conflict Management System Based on the Functions Needed in a Conflict Management System Rowe, Mary P. One way to assess the conflict management system of your organization is to work with several colleagues to identify and assess the people and the offices who perform the various functions needed in an effective system. This article contains a questionnaire that asks you to do three things. First, identify those who perform the various functions. Second, note whether these offices and people think of themselves as part of a system. Do they all understand the policies and procedures and conflict management options available in your organization? Do they work together? Do they understand privacy and confidentiality? Third, how effective is your system? What would make it more effective? (Note: There are also two related tables (each called Analyzing Your Conflict Management System) that will help in this analysis of your organizational system: there is a representative table and a table with blanks to fill in.) Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157428 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157273 The Solo Organizational Ombudsman Practitioner...and Our Need for Colleagues...A Conversation Rowe, Mary; Bloch, Brian It takes a village to produce a successful organizational ombuds. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157273 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157272 A Reappraisal — The Nature and Value of Ombudsmen in Federal Agencies, Part 2: Research Report. Houk, Carole S.; Rowe, Mary P.; Katz, Deborah A.; Katz, Neil H.; Marx, Lauren; Hedeen, Timothy This Report outlines a mixed method research project that provides a comparative analysis of federal ombuds offices. The study utilizes a multi-stage approach, which includes four distinct and complementary elements: 1) a literature review and survey methodology (online surveys, interviews, and collection of program materials) across all federal ombuds offices; 2) a case study methodology to highlight promising practices; 3) a standards of practice policy discussion and a legal analysis relevant to the creation and operation of federal ombuds offices, and 4) recommendations offered both by surveyed participants and by the Research Team. The study is designed to help differentiate existing federal ombuds programs and practice, identify consistencies across ombuds offices, develop a framework for comparative evaluation, and identify promising practices. The results will provide an empirical basis for examining the shape and development of federal ombudsmen since ACUS’ Recommendation 90-2, and will inform the development of a new recommendation contained herein. Mon, 14 Nov 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157272 2016-11-14T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157271 A Reappraisal — The Nature and Value of Ombudsmen in Federal Agencies, Part 1: Executive Summary Houk, Carole S.; Rowe, Mary P.; Katz, Deborah A.; Katz, Neil H.; Marx, Lauren; Hedeen, Timothy Mon, 14 Nov 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157271 2016-11-14T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157270 Unconscious Bias: May Micro-Affirmations Provide One Answer? Rowe, Mary Sun, 01 Feb 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157270 2015-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157269 Portia: It is Not a "Crisis Committee," But One Might Want a "Portia" Anyway Rowe, Mary Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157269 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157131 Organizational Ombudsman Rowe, Mary; Williams, Randy (Note: This chapter includes a table that shows how organizational ombuds complement the roles of other conflict management offices in an organization.) Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157131 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157130 The Organizational Ombudsman Rowe, Mary; Gadlin, Howard This chapter discusses the OO (organizational ombudsman) in the context of organizational conflict management systems (CMS). The OO is a confidential, neutral, internal resource--formally independent of line and staff management--working informally, without decision-making power. OOs work with all employees and managers, and every workplace issue, as a "zero barrier" office. OOs seek fair processes for concerns brought to them. OOs refer to all formal and informal CMS options, identify "new" issues, and recommend systems improvements. The chapter discusses the emergence of the role in the context of social, political, and cultural changes over the past 50 years, especially in North America. It discusses the alternative dispute resolution movement--and concurrent emergence of the OO as an appropriate dispute resolution role within a CMS. It describes the functions--and competencies required--of ombudsmen, and discusses current challenges faced by those in OO roles. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157130 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157129 Informality, the Fourth Standard of Practice Rowe, Mary In the 1970s and early 1980s, organizational ombuds recognized three basic pillars of their profession: independence, confidentiality and neutrality (impartiality). Informality was recognized as a fourth principle, or pillar of practice, somewhat later. This happened relatively slowly, over at least fifteen years, after the first three pillars were widely adopted. This article briefly describes that process. The article asserts that informality is an essential principle for the profession as practiced today—as essential as independence, confidentiality and neutrality. Without informality, the other three principles of OO practice could not function in today’s legal climate, and many managers would find OOs to be interfering with their authority. Informality permits OOs to offer a very wide variety of informal options, to all cohorts, and across all organizational boundaries. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157129 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157128 What Happens to Confidentiality if the Visitor Refuses to Report Unacceptable Behavior? Rowe, Mary This article examines a common question frequently posed to organizational ombuds about what they would do if a visitor refuses to report or otherwise act responsibly about a situation that might present a risk of serious harm. It briefly reviews the Code of Ethics on confidentiality, and the concepts of “imminent risk” and serious harm. The article affirms the importance of seeking advice if there is time, without mentioning identities of those involved if that is possible, but being prepared to breach confidentiality if necessary to prevent serious harm. It discusses some options for getting information where it needs to go, on a timely basis, without the ombuds practitioner having to breach confidentiality, and points out that such options usually exist. Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/157128 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156722 Concerns about Bullying at Work As Heard by Organizational Ombudsmen Cummings, Lydia; Rowe, Mary Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156722 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156721 Selected Programs and Policies that Promote Sex Equity at … MIT Rowe, Mary This is a table. Sun, 01 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156721 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156720 Identifying and Communicating the Usefulness of Organizational Ombuds, With Ideas about OO Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness Rowe, Mary Organizational ombudsmen contribute to many stakeholders: shareholders, management at all levels, those who call upon the office, people who are alleged to be a problem, responders whom the ombuds calls about a case or an issue, employees and managers in the organization who do not directly use the office, other cohorts in an organization like students and patients—and society. Ombuds perform many different conflict management functions, with many different skills, in many different contexts; they are difficult to evaluate. Ombuds need to identify and communicate their usefulness, including the tangible and intangible benefits relevant to their own stakeholders. One thesis of this article is that there are many powerful ways to do so. The other thesis is that there is no single, scientific way to calculate the cost effectiveness of ombuds. How an independent neutral adds value to an organizational conflict management system seems a particularly interesting topic for ombuds effectiveness research. Note: This article reviews many of the methodological problems in assessing the effectiveness of an ombuds office and emphasizes the importance of the “most serious cases” in demonstrating effectiveness and the importance of benchmarking before an ombuds office opens. Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156720 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156708 Ombudsman Rowe, Mary; Gadlin, Howard Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156708 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156707 The Several Purposes of the OO Crystal Ball Rowe, Mary The Crystal Ball began, in 1984, as a device to help Organizational Ombudsmen (OOs) to anticipate problems that are new to their organizations. This came about by collecting wisdom from many OOs about “new things.” Each OO may collect bits of new information from a whole organization—the Crystal Ball then pulls these ideas together. Over the years the Crystal Ball has proven useful in helping OOs in the important OO task of seeking, identifying, assessing and communicating issues new to their organizations. Crystal Ball discussions have in turn helped OOs to think about how to help their organizations to learn about and manage emerging issues, how to foster and collaborate on systems initiatives when appropriate—and how to follow up. The issues enumerated in this article have included many of the serious problems of our times. The Crystal Ball illuminates one important source of organizational ombudsman effectiveness. Note: This article shows that ombuds can help identify and assess issues new to the organization. Fri, 01 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156707 2010-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156663 Dealing with—or Reporting—‘Unacceptable’ Behavior Rowe, Mary; Wilcox, Linda; Gadlin, Howard People in organizations often see behavior that they think is unacceptable, unsafe, illegal—even criminal. Why do people who observe such behavior hesitate to act on their own, or to come forward promptly—even when affected by that behavior? Why do they not immediately report those whom they see to be acting in an intolerable fashion? Hesitation of this kind has been recognized for years; for example, there is a controversial literature about the “bystander effect.” In real life hesitation is not confined just to bystanders. People in all roles may hesitate to act. Why do some people—including many managers—waver, rather than acting effectively to stop behavior they find to be unacceptable? The most common reasons for hesitation are: fear of loss of relationships, and loss of privacy, fear of unspecified “bad consequences” or retaliation, and insufficient evidence. There are many other barriers and they are often complex. Perceptions of the organization and of supervisors are important, as is a complaint system that is seen to be safe, accessible and credible. Some people do act on the spot or come forward when they see unacceptable behavior. Reviewing the reasoning of people with whom we have talked may provide ideas for employers designing or reviewing a conflict management system. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156663 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156662 Systems for Dealing with Conflict and Learning from Conflict—Options for Complaint-Handling: An Illustrative Case Bloch, Brian; Miller, David; Rowe, Mary Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156662 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156661 An Organizational Ombuds Office in a System for Dealing with Conflict and Learning from Conflict, or ‘Conflict Management System.' Rowe, Mary Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156661 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156660 Organizational Systems for Dealing with Conflict & Learning from Conflict: Introduction Rowe, Mary Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156660 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156600 Find Yourself the Mentoring You Need Rowe, Mary Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156600 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156545 Bystander Training within Organizations Scully, Maureen; Rowe, Mary Active bystanders may play a useful role in discouraging negative behaviors, and, we add, encouraging positive behaviors in the workplace. We describe the significance of the bystander role—for example, with respect to safety, diversity, and ethics—and review the challenges for bystanders in moving from a passive to an active stance. Bystander training may help bystanders learn small, concrete strategies for intervening effectively. We review current debates about the power and the limits of the bystander role, the efficacy of training, and the capacity of local bystander action to foster broader organizational changes that support safety, inclusion, and integrity. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156545 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156541 Micro-affirmations & Micro-inequities Rowe, Mary Sat, 01 Mar 2008 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156541 2008-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156537 Comment: How Should Galvatrens Strengthen its System for Uncovering Misconduct? Rowe, Mary Sun, 01 Apr 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156537 2007-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156458 The Organizational Ombuds Rowe, Mary P.; Hicks, Wilbur Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156458 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156457 What Was It Like Working with OCW? Rowe, Mary Note: This article is about putting the MIT Sloan Negotiation and Conflict Management course 15.667 online. Wed, 01 Sep 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156457 2004-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156456 Workplace Justice, Zero Tolerance, and Zero Barriers Rowe, Mary; Bendersky, Corinne Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156456 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156399 Requests for Personal Work May Pose a Conflict of Interest Rowe, Mary Sat, 01 Feb 2003 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156399 2003-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156398 Notes on Complaint Handling for Managers Rowe, Mary Note: This document was compiled for the MIT Sloan Negotiation and Conflict Management course 15.667 in 2002. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156398 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156385 Cumulative Effects of Apparently Small Events Rowe, Mary Mon, 01 Apr 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156385 2002-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156384 Effectiveness of Organizational Ombudsmen Rowe, Mary; Simon, Mary Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156384 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156383 What Should Jane Do About Her Top Performer's Mean Streak? Rowe, Mary This comment is part of a larger article: Sarah Cliffe, “What a Star—What a Jerk,” Harvard Business Review Vol. 79, No. 8 (September 2001): 37-48. Sat, 01 Sep 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156383 2001-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156360 Designing Integrated Conflict Management Systems: Guidelines for Practitioners and Decision Makers in Organizations Society of Professionals in Dispute Resolution, ADR in the Workplace Initiative Committee Professionals in Dispute Resolution (SPIDR) prepared this document for employers, managers, labor representatives, employees, civil and human rights organizations, and others who interact with organizations. In this document we explain why organizations should consider developing integrated conflict management systems to prevent and resolve conflict, and we provide practical guidelines for designing and implementing such systems. The principles identified in this document can also be used to manage external conflict with customers, clients, and the public. Indeed, we recommend that organizations focus simultaneously on preventing and managing both internal and external conflict. SPIDR recognizes that an integrated conflict management system will work only if designed with input from users and decision makers at all levels of the organization. Each system must be tailored to fit the organization's needs, circumstances, and culture. In developing these systems, experimentation is both necessary and healthy. We hope that this document will provide guidance, encourage experimentation, and contribute to the evolving understanding of how best to design and implement these systems. A Report Prepared by the Society of Professionals in Dispute Resolution ADR in the Workplace Initiative. Committee Members: Ann Gosline, Co-Chair; Lamont Stallworth, Co-Chair; Myrna C. Adams; Notman Brand; Cynthia J. Hallberlin; Carole Schneider Houk; David B. Lipsky; Jennifer Lynch; Nancy E. Peace; Mary Rowe; Anne Thomas Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156360 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156359 Dealing with the Fear of Violence: What an Organizational Ombudsman Might Want to Know Rowe, Mary P.; Wilcox, Linda J. Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156359 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156254 Helping Bystanders Take Responsibility for Diversity Scully, Maureen; Rowe, Mary; Moorehead, Laura Wed, 01 Jul 1998 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156254 1998-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156253 Dispute Resolution in the Nonunion Environment: An Evolution Toward Integrated Systems for Conflict Management? Rowe, Mary Wed, 01 Jan 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156253 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156252 Conflicts of Interest Arising From Personal Relationships Rowe, Mary Mon, 01 Sep 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156252 1997-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156251 What Is It Like to Be an Organizational Ombudsman? Rowe, Mary P. Wed, 01 Jan 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/156251 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155968 An Effective, Integrated Complaint Resolution System Rowe, Mary P. Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155968 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155967 Dealing with Harassment: A Systems Approach. Rowe, Mary P. People who are concerned about harassment often feel they "know what is best" for a person who has been harassed. But those who have actually been harassed often have very strong -- and different -- points of view about what they are willing to do. Thus, procedures for dealing with harassment must first take into account the wide range of interests of various complainants, or complainants will not take action. This chapter explores the pros and cons of many possible elements of a complaint system and concludes by recommending an integrated dispute resolution systems approach, which provides options for complainants, respondents, bystanders, and supervisors. Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155967 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155966 People with Delusions or Quasi-Delusions Who "Won't Let Go" Rowe, Mary In recent years an increasing number of otherwise productive people, who appear to have delusions or quasi-delusions and who "won't let go," have come to the attention of workplace and university complaint handlers. These are people who have ideas which appear contrary to fact, and who, in addition, seem obsessed about these ideas. Complaint handlers come to hear about this sub-group of obsessed people with delusions or quasi-delusions in two ways. People with obsessive delusions may come in as complainants, and then continuously refuse to settle or give up the complaint. This may be true even after a court has ruled against them. Or they may be reported to the complaint handler as harassers when they follow, skulk, stalk, scare or anger others, and apparently cannot be persuaded to give up the object of their interest. There has been little published in the human resource or dispute resolution literature about otherwise productive persons who present in workplace or academic settings as both obsessed and quasi-delusional. In this article, the author sketches out characteristics of a specific group of people who have some obsessive beliefs and ideas that appear not to be based in reality. She suggests some ways individual complaint handlers and organizations may deal with questions and concerns posed by such persons. Sat, 01 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155966 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155965 The Corporate Ombudsman Handbook, second edition Hendry, James; Marti, Virgil; Trocchio, Carole; Bensinger, Ann; Rowe, Mary Sat, 01 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155965 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155964 Fostering Diversity: Some Major Hurdles Remain When the Playing Field is Tilted Rowe, Mary P. An earlier version of this article was published as Mary P. Rowe, "Fostering Diversity: Some Major Hurdles Remain," Change 25, No. 2 (March-April 1993): 35-39. Wed, 01 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155964 1995-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155963 "Respect, Respect, Respect," a comment on “What Should I Do with My Problem Employee? A Case Study" Rowe, Mary Note: This was also reprinted in Catherine Stover, ed., Problems and Solutions in Small Business Management (Upstart Publishing, 1995). Fri, 01 Jan 1993 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155963 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155962 Options and Choice for Conflict Resolution in the Workplace Rowe, Mary P. This chapter focuses on the need for providing choices for complainants. Fri, 01 Jan 1993 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155962 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155961 Perspectives on Costs and Cost Effectiveness of Ombudsman Programs in Four Fields Rowe, Mary P.; Ziegenfuss, James T. Jr.; Perneski, A.J.; Hall, Gary; Lux, Marshall Note: These articles includes analyses of five types of ombudsman offices. Fri, 01 Jan 1993 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155961 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155960 An Overview of Client and Internal Ombudsmen Rowe, Mary P. Fri, 01 Jan 1993 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155960 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155959 Rowe Effort Commended by Navy Ball, Charles H. Wed, 03 Feb 1993 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155959 1993-02-03T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155958 The Case of the Hidden Harassment Niven, Daniel; Wang, Cheryl; Rowe, Mary P.; Taga, Mikiko; Vladeck, Judith P.; Garron, Lee C. Sun, 01 Mar 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155958 1992-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155957 Barriers to Equality: The Power of Subtle Discrimination to Maintain Unequal Opportunity Rowe, Mary P. This paper argues that subtle discrimination is now the principal scaffolding for segregation in the United States. The author suggests this scaffolding is built of "micro-inequities": apparently small events which are often ephemeral and hard to prove, events which are covert, often unintentional, frequently unrecognized by the perpetrator. Micro-inequities occur wherever people are perceived to be "different": Caucasians in a Japanese-owned company, African-Americans in a predominantly white firm, women in a traditionally male environment, Jews and Moslems in a traditionally Protestant environment. These mechanisms of prejudice against persons of difference are usually small in nature, but not trivial in effect. They are especially powerful taken together. (As one drop of water has little effect, though continuous drops may be destructive, one racist slight may be insignificant but many such slights cause serious damage.) Micro-inequities work both by excluding the person of difference and by making that person less self-confident and less productive. An employer may prevent such damage by developing programs on diversity, like "valuing differences" and team-building. The author does not believe micro-inequities should be made the subject of anti-discrimination legislation. Note: This article was also reprinted in Social Ethics: Morality and Social Policy, 4th ed., edited by Thomas A. Mappes and Jane S. Zambaty. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992. Fri, 01 Jun 1990 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155957 1990-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155804 Cost-Effectiveness of Ombudsman Offices Perneski, Tony; Rowe, Mary Note: This issue contains other articles, as well. Mon, 01 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155804 1990-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155803 The Ombudsman as Part of a Dispute Resolution System Rowe, Mary P. Mon, 01 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155803 1990-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155802 In Pursuit of Justice Rowe, Mary P. This article is a review of the book Justice on the Job: Resolving Grievances in the Non-Union Workplace, by David Ewing. Mon, 01 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155802 1990-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155766 Is Getting to a Specific Yes Always the Point? Rowe, Mary P. This is a review of the book "Getting Together: Getting to a Relationship that Gets to Yes,' by Roger Fisher and Scott Brown. Sun, 01 Jan 1989 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155766 1989-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155765 What Actually Works? The One-to-One Approach Rowe, Mary P. This article describes five ideas that, especially when undertaken together, seem to help minorities and women thrive better in academe. The five ideas are: commitment and action by the top administration; one-to-one recruitment of minorities and women; one-to-one mentoring; individual responsibility for networks; and a complaint system that works for individuals. Sun, 01 Jan 1989 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155765 1989-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155764 Should an Ombudsman Testify? Rowe, Mary Thu, 01 Jun 1989 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155764 1989-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155761 Corporate Ombudsmen Ziegenfuss, James T. Jr.; Rowe, Mary; Robbins, Lee; Munzenrider, Robert Wed, 01 Mar 1989 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155761 1989-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155759 Harassment at MIT: Think Prevention Rowe, Mary Sun, 01 Oct 1989 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155759 1989-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155757 Organizational Response to Assessed Risk: Complaint Channels Rowe, Mary P. Sun, 01 May 1988 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155757 1988-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155753 Ombuds Jobs are Proliferating, and Characterized by Diversity Rowe, Mary Wed, 25 May 1988 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155753 1988-05-25T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155752 The Ombudsman Handbook Hendry, James; Rowe, Mary; et al. Fri, 01 May 1987 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155752 1987-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155750 Corporate Ombudsmen: An Exploratory National Survey of Purposes and Activities Ziegenfuss, James T. Jr.; Robbins, Lee; Rowe, Mary Fri, 01 May 1987 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155750 1987-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155748 The Ombudsman as an Ounce of Prevention Roddy, John; Rowe, Mary P. Sun, 01 Mar 1987 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155748 1987-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155745 New Issues in Testing the Work Force: Genetic Diseases Rowe, Mary P.; Russell-Einhorn, Malcolm L.; Weinstein, Jerome N. Sat, 01 Aug 1987 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155745 1987-08-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155743 The Fear of AIDS Rowe, Mary P.; Russell-Einhorn, Malcolm; Baker, Michael A. Tue, 01 Jul 1986 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155743 1986-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155742 Review of The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus Rowe, Mary P. This is a book review. Tue, 01 Jan 1985 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155742 1985-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155715 Are You Hearing Enough Employee Concerns? Rowe, Mary P.; Baker, Michael This article provides an overview of non-union complaint systems in the U.S. Tue, 01 May 1984 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155715 1984-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155714 Dispute Resolution in Scientific Settings: A Systems Approach Rowe, Mary P. Tue, 01 May 1984 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155714 1984-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155713 Review of Sexual and Gender Harassment in the Academy: A Guide for Faculty, Students, and Administrators Rowe, Mary P. Sun, 01 May 1983 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155713 1983-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155712 Building 'Mentoring' Frameworks for Blacks (and Other People) as Part of an Effective Equal Opportunity Ecology Rowe, Mary Educational institutions need mentoring structures and everyone in them needs mentoring. This paper will discuss five major points in building institutional devices which help minorities find the multiple helping resources, which many people think of as "mentoring," and which are now seen by many people to be indispensable for career success. Each of these points may be seen as necessary, but not sufficient by itself to establish the supportive ecology in which excellent mentoring is available to blacks (and other people). Note: This was a revision of Mary P. Rowe, “Building Mentorship Frameworks as Part of an Effective Equal Opportunity Ecology,” in Sex Discrimination in Higher Education: Strategies for Equality, ed. Jennifer Farley (Ithaca, NY: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, 1981), 23-33. That article is also available in Dspace@MIT. Fri, 01 Jan 1982 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155712 1982-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155663 Curiosity Opens Relationships of the World and with Others: Narratives from Doing Teaching and Learning Through Curiosity Cavicchi, Elizabeth What potentials does curiosity bear for education? Some characterizations portray curiosity as self-motivated search for answers, a drive conformable with conventional education’s imperative for correct answers. For participants in this study, curiosity engages them with their relationships to the world. This article examines curiosity from along my developing in learning and teaching. While school settings limited or excluded curiosity, both for me as a student and as a teacher, it relates how I encountered the value of curiosity in examples of my father, mentors, and other experiences. Beginning with a gradual and uncertain process, I transitioned from being an educator bound by conventional expectations, to a teacher-researcher creating environments where learners’ expressions and acts of curiosity constitute the educational work that I actively support and seek to extend. Curiosity in the classroom generates trajectories and engagements that differ from conventional instruction. This article demonstrates and researches the educational work of curiosity, through contextual narratives from my teaching as a beginner at accommodating students’ curiosity, and from my recent teaching, where students and I more fully commit to the relational and educational possibilities of encouraging curiosity. In facilitating these experiences, I apply the research pedagogy of Eleanor Duckworth, ‘critical exploration in the classroom’. In narratives from my teaching, curiosity propels exploring relationships among: floating and sinking; trees, leaves and acorns; dye in water; maple sap sweetness; bubbles in water; and permutations of objects. Provocations from historical works include: Leonardo’s drawings; Hooke’s and Ramón y Cajal’s microscopy; Keats’ “negative capability”; Dewey’s reflections on interdependency among children and adults; and children’s creations in Reggio Emilia preschools. As experience builds through curiosity, relations deepen in ways simultaneously unadulterated—exploring unconstrained—and unchildlike—sustaining commitment. Participants characterize our process as having “No End Goal” imposed from outside themselves, unlike formal instruction that suppresses personal curiosity in favor of pre-ordained goals. The natural world, opened by curiosity, embodies ever-emerging relationships that accommodate concurrent widening and deepening of learners’ involvement and realizations. Learning experiences happening through relationships are infused with emotion, aesthetic qualities, and social connections and concerns. Sun, 23 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155663 2024-06-23T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155560 The Minutiae of Discrimination: The Need for Support Rowe, Mary Note from the author: This chapter is a revised version of the "Saturn's Rings" papers. Thu, 01 Jan 1981 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155560 1981-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155559 Dealing with Sexual Harassment Rowe, Mary P. Fri, 01 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155559 1981-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155558 Building Mentoring Frameworks as Part of an Effective Equal Opportunity Ecology Rowe, Mary P. Educational institutions, government agencies, corporations, and other organizations can help build mentoring frameworks for women and men. This paper discusses five major points in building institutional devices that can help women find the multiple sources of help which many people think of as mentorship and which are now seen by many people as indispensable for career success. Each of these points may be seen as necessary, but not sufficient by itself, to establish the supportive ecology in which excellent mentorship is available to women (and men). Thu, 01 Jan 1981 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155558 1981-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155557 Moving Up: Role Models, Mentors, and the 'Patron System.' Shapiro, Eileen C.; Haseltine, Florence P.; Rowe, Mary P. Increasing effort, time, and money are being invested in projects for women. Many are intended to recruit and promote women in traditionally male professions, such as management, science, medicine, dentistry, engineering, and architecture. Much emphasis has been placed on "role models" and "mentors" as prerequisites for women's success. The authors examine these concepts and suggest (1) that role models are of limited effectiveness in assisting women to gain positions of leadership, authority, or power and (2) that mentors are at one end of a continuum of advisory/support relationships which facilitate access to such positions for the proteges involved. The authors conclude that careful consideration of this continuum will lead to better focused and more effective efforts directed at bringing women into positions of leadership and authority. Sun, 01 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155557 1978-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155556 The Non-Union Grievance Procedure at MIT: An Upward-Feedback Mediation Model Rowe, Mary P.; Williams, Clarence G. Note: This was one of the earliest articles about conflict management systems. Tue, 01 Jan 1980 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155556 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155555 Go Hire Yourself a Mentor Rowe, Mary P. Also reprinted in Comment 10, no. 3 (March 1978): 2. Sat, 01 Jan 1977 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155555 1977-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155552 The Saturn's Rings Phenomenon: Micro-inequities and Unequal Opportunity in the American Economy Rowe, Mary P. Later reprinted in Comment 10, no. 3 (March 1978): 3. Sat, 01 Jan 1977 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155552 1977-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155546 A Handy, Dandy, Quick and Practical Checklist for Women Trustees Rowe, Mary Sat, 01 Jan 1977 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155546 1977-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155452 Case of the Valuable Vendors Rowe, Mary P. This article discusses subtle discrimination as a management problem. Also reprinted in Dealing with Conflict, Harvard Business Review (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School, 1983), 167-173. Fri, 01 Sep 1978 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155452 1978-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155451 Managerial Women and Men in a Changing Society—the 80s: A Discussion with Dr. Mary P. Rowe Rowe, Mary P. Wed, 09 May 1979 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155451 1979-05-09T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155450 Child Care for the 1980's: Traditional Sex Roles or Androgyny? Rowe, Mary P. Sat, 01 Jan 1977 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155450 1977-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155449 Co-Teaching Wo/Men's Studies at M.I.T. Rowe, Mary Sun, 01 May 1977 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155449 1977-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155448 That Parents May Work and Love and Children May Thrive Rowe, Mary Potter Thu, 01 Jan 1976 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155448 1976-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155447 The Changing Status of Women: Economic Realities Rowe, Mary Potter Thu, 01 Aug 1974 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155447 1974-08-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155446 Prospects and Patters for Men and Women at Work: To Be Able Both to Love and to Work Rowe, Mary P. Keynote address at a 1973 MIT Centennial by Mary P. Rowe, on a new vision for men and women at work. Tue, 01 Jan 1974 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155446 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155310 People Keep Asking Me What Androgyny Means Rowe, Mary Wed, 05 Sep 1973 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155310 1973-09-05T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155309 Why Do Most Women Take and Keep Only Low-Paying Jobs? What Should Be Done? Rowe, Mary Mon, 01 Jan 1973 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155309 1973-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155308 The Saturn's Rings Phenomenon Rowe, Mary P. Mon, 01 Sep 1975 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155308 1975-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155307 The Progress of Women in Educational Institutions: The Saturn's Rings Phenomenon Rowe, Mary P. The minutiae of sexism are usually not actionable; most are such petty incidents that they may not even be identified, much less protested. They are, however, important, like the dust and ice in Saturn's rings, because, taken together, they constitute formidable barriers. As Saturn is partially obscured by its rings, so are good jobs partially obscured for women by "grains of sand": the minutiae of sexism. Tue, 01 Jan 1974 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155307 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155306 Economics of Child Care: Costs, Needs, and Issues Rowe, Mary Potter; Husby, Ralph D. A policy on child care requires knowledge of alternative programs of different scopes, the relative benefits of these various programs, and their respective costs. This chapter discusses issues of costs and quality of child care. The first section deals with definitions and some data problems: what are we talking about in discussing the costs and need for child care of different kinds? The second section reviews the costs of child care as reported in several major studies. The third section reports data on demand for child care at different prices. The demand parents make for child care at different prices--and the costs of different kinds of care--point to a seriously wide funding gap between what parents and governments now pay for child care and what is needed to provide the kind of care they want. The final section also sets forth several major implications for national policy, including the costs of providing universal child care for children under six. Some possibilities for meeting these costs are discussed. Mon, 01 Jan 1973 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155306 1973-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155303 Questions We Might Ask About Day Care Rowe, Mary Mon, 01 Jan 1973 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155303 1973-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155302 The Progress of Women in Educational Institutions: The Saturn's Rings Phenomenon Rowe, Mary P. This paper describes the minutiae of sexism in large educational institutions. These minutiae are usually not actionable; most are such petty incidents that they may not even be identified, much less protested. They are, however, important, like the dust and ice in Saturn's rings, because, taken together, they constitute formidable barriers. As Saturn is partially obscured by its rings, so are good jobs partially obscured for women by "grains of sand": the minutiae of sexism. Saturn's Rings phenomena are briefly discussed in this paper and then a fictional case study is introduced in an effort to illustrate the cumulative effect of many small events. This December 1973 report by Mary Rowe to the MIT Academic Council contributed to the discussion resulting in MIT's first policy against harassment. The article describes various aspects of structural sexism. Sat, 01 Dec 1973 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155302 1973-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155301 When the Employer Faces Day Care Decisions: Cost-Benefit Analysis and Other Decision-Making Tools Rowe, Mary P. More and more employers are being asked to make decisions on day care. In public agencies and private business, employers are seeking advice on how to decide whether, and to what extent, to subsidize day care. Traditional cost/benefit analysis is very difficult in the field of early childhood programs and cannot easily be used as a decision-making tool in this area. However, it is useful to review problems in costs, costing, funding, and benefits; and many useful hints can be given to the employer who must make decisions on day care. Mon, 01 Jan 1973 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155301 1973-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155300 How Much Is Good Child Care Worth? Rowe, Mary P. Fri, 01 Dec 1972 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155300 1972-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155299 Entrepreneurial Patterns in the Nigerian Sawmilling Industry Harris, J.R.; Rowe, Mary P. Tue, 01 Mar 1966 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/155299 1966-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/154837 Review of Split and Splice: A Phenomenology of Experimentation Cavicchi, Elizabeth Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/154837 2024-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153914 Competition for binding targets results in paradoxical effects for simultaneous activator and repressor action - Extended Version Al-Radhawi, M. Ali; Manoj, Krishna; Jatkar, Dhruv D.; Duvall, Alon; Del Vecchio, Domitilla; Sontag, Eduardo D. In the context of epigenetic transformations in cancer metastasis, a puzzling effect was recently discovered, in which the elimination (knock-out) of an activating regulatory element leads to increased (rather than decreased) activity of the element being regulated. It has been postulated that this paradoxical behavior can be explained by activating and repressing transcription factors competing for binding to other possible targets. It is very difficult to prove this hypothesis in mammalian cells, due to the large number of potential players and the complexity of endogenous intracellular regulatory networks. Instead, this paper analyzes this issue through an analogous synthetic biology construct which aims to reproduce the paradoxical behavior using standard bacterial gene expression networks. The paper first reviews the motivating cancer biology work, and then describes a proposed synthetic construct. A mathematical model is formulated, and basic properties of uniqueness of steady states and convergence to equilibria are established, as well as an identification of parameter regimes which should lead to observing such paradoxical phenomena (more activator leads to less activity at steady state). A proof is also given to show that this is a steady-state property, and for initial transients the phenomenon will not be observed. This work adds to the general line of work of resource competition in synthetic circuits. Thu, 21 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153914 2024-03-21T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153246 Nonlinear optics and organic materials Part 2 Tripathy, Sukant; Cavicchi, Elizabeth; Kumar, Jayant; Kumar, R. Sai Sun, 01 Jan 1989 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153246 1989-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153245 Organic materials for nonlinear optics Part 1 Tripathy, Sukant; Cavicchi, Elizabeth; Kumar, Jayant; Kumar, R. Sai Sun, 01 Jan 1989 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153245 1989-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153244 Experimenting with magnetism: Ways of learning of Joann and Faraday Cavicchi, Elizabeth This paper narrates learning as it evolved through experimental work and interpretation in two distinct investigations: the explorations of permanent magnets and needles conducted by a student, Joann, as I interactively interviewed her, and Faraday’s initial experimenting with diamagnetism, as documented in his Diary. Both investigators puzzled over details, revisited their confusions resiliently, and invented analogies as ways of extending their questioning; ‘‘misconceptions’’ and conflict were not explicit to their process. Additionally, Faraday formed interpretations—and doubts critiquing them—that drew upon his extensive experience with magnetism’s spatial behaviors. These two cases suggest that physics instruction could include opportunities for students’ development of their own investigatory learning. Wed, 01 Jan 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153244 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153242 Playing with Light Cavicchi, Elizabeth; Hughes-McDonnell, Fion; Lucht, Petra The authors conducted action research by developing workshops that involved teacher-participants in their own exploratory learning. The authors facilitated participants in researching of what they noticed, and wanted to understand about light and shadows by structuring the environment, and the questions that were asked of them, in ways that integrated practices of teaching into those of researching. During the workshops, transitions evolved in how participants used materials to make light and dark effects and interacted with each other. Transactions also occurred in how the authors intervened to teach and research what participants did, and to encourage their reflective observations. It is proposed that such explorations offer new beginnings for extending understandings of physical phenomena and of the world, as made through our actions and thoughts. Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153242 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153240 Painting the moon Cavicchi, Elizabeth Wording for Permission for Image by Galileo : "Su concessione del Ministero della Cultura - Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze. E' vietata ogni ulteriore riproduzione con qualsiasi mezzo". Tue, 01 Jan 1991 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153240 1991-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153239 Frances Gertrude Wick (1875-1941) Cavicchi, Elizabeth Fri, 01 Jan 1993 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153239 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153237 Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy of Polymers Cavicchi, Elizabeth; Kumar, Jayant; Tripathy, Sukani Sun, 01 Jan 1989 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153237 1989-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153233 Experimenting with Wires, Batteries, Bulbs and the Induction Coil: Narratives of Teaching and Learning Physics in the Electrical Investigations of Laura, David, Jamie, Myself and the Nineteenth Century Experimenters -- Our Developments and Instruments Cavicchi, Elizabeth Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153233 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153232 Ways of Learning Physics: Magnets, Needles, Fields Cavicchi, Elizabeth Fri, 01 Dec 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153232 1995-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/152177 Mirrors, swinging weights, lightbulbs…: Simple experiments and history help a class become a community Cavicchi, Elizabeth Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/152177 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/152176 The spiral conductor of Charles Grafton Page: Reconstructing experience with the body, more options, and ambiguity Cavicchi, Elizabeth Following discoveries of self-induction made by Faraday (1834) and Henry (1832/1835), Harvard medical student Charles Grafton Page took bodily shocks in 1836 from his homemade spiralled conductor while interrupting its battery connection. Unlike his famous predecessors, Page inserted connectors intermediate along the conductor which increased experimental options: shocks could be taken across any interval. Surprisingly, Page felt shocks everywhere, even where no direct battery current passed. Acupuncture needles amplified his sensitivity. Bodily contact across greater spiral spans yielded greater shocks. Having no interpretation for these effects, Page researched productively, later developing the instrument and its interpretations in a community. I reconstructed Page’s experiment with a spiralled copper foil, an oscilloscope as detector, resistor substitute for the body, flashlight batteries and switch. Across intervals where Page reported increased shock, I encountered variable signals. My methods evolved to include activating the spiral with periodic signals or my spur wheel switch, and picturing data by alterative views. These techniques functioned like Page’s connectors to open up options for further testing. Page and I experienced ambiguity in the experimental effects and in interpreting what happened. In both the original experiment and its reconstruction, productive means of working with ambiguity – not dispelling it—emerged through exploratory generation of new options for experimenting and thought. Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/152176 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/152172 Shadows of Light and History in Explorative Teaching and Learning Cavicchi, Elizabeth Shadows are everyday phenomena that intrigued people in the past and remain accessible today. Shadows and history provided the context for Jab activities among two teachers who participated with me as learners under the research pedagogy of critical exploration. Eleanor Duckworth developed critical exploration from the clinical interviewing of Jean Piaget and Biirbe/ lnhe/der and classroom practices of the 1960s Elementary Science Study. During critical explorations, learners explore a subject matter without being told what to do or find; the teacher supports these investigations without imposing an expected path. During this study, two teachers explored while looking for each other in a mirror and observing shadows cast by the sun and candles. They responded to historical observations by lbn alHaytham, Leonardo da Vinci and Jean Piaget. Together the teachers extended their understandings of light, history and the gy nastic art of following another learner's outlook. In the process, these teachers deepened their capacities for supporting curiosity among the children and students whose learning comes under their care. This example of teaching and learning through critical exploration can empower other teachers to launch students on personal journeys of discovery. Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/152172 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/152169 Reflections on the Teaching of Gerbert of Aurillac Cavicchi, Elizabeth For one born to French peasants, Gerbert took advantage of exceptional educational opportunities: monastic training at Aurillac; mathematical studies in Spain; tutoring the Pope and Emperor in Rome. Serving Reims cathedral school for twenty-five years, Gerbert transformed its curriculum and practices; his students disseminated these innovations across Europe. Gerbert's teaching was research: seeking out unsanctioned, classical texts; analyzing mathematical arguments; observing the sky. His students did what they learned: speaking; observing; making music. He invented instructional instruments: diagrams; an abacus; astronomical spheres. He nurtured relationships of trust among teachers and students. Gerbert's creativity is a provocative impetus for us to face pedagogic inadequacies and develop responsive teaching that stands the test of time. Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/152169 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/152167 Earth Grounds and Heavenly Spires: Lightning Rod Men, Patent Inventors and Telegraphers Cavicchi, Elizabeth Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/152167 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/152164 Dream Trains, Electromagnetic Possibilities and Trial Runs: Early Explorations in Electromagnetic Traction by Rail Cavicchi, Elizabeth Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/152164 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151957 Introductory paper on critical explorations in teaching art, science, and teacher education Cavicchi, Elizabeth; Chiu, Son-Mey; McDonnell, Fiona The authors of the three papers in this issue discuss and analyze the practice underlying “critical exploration,” a research pedagogy applied in common within their separate art, science, and teacher education classrooms. Eleanor Duckworth developed critical exploration as a method of teaching by involving students so actively and reflectively with a subject that they have “wonderful ideas” that arise from their own questioning. Teachers who encourage critical exploration support their students in encountering complex materials, experiencing confusion, considering multiple possibilities, and constructing new understandings. Teachers refrain from providing answers, or even implying that there is an acceptable answer or technique, and instead facilitate the personal process of development that Jean Piaget, Bärbel Inhelder, and others documented and analyzed. Applying Piaget's findings requires teachers to sustain what David Hawkins described as “triangular relationships” of trust and respect among teacher, learners, and subject matter. The three classroom studies that follow narrate these exploratory qualities in the contexts of middle school girls learning Chinese brush painting, undergraduates investigating mirrors, and teacher education students exploring seeds, pendulums, and the moon. In teaching art and science via critical exploration, curiosity and a sense of beauty reinforce one another, and open a window into the processes of—and connections between—art and science. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151957 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151955 Teaching about the Nature of Science through Historical Experiments Heering, Peter; Cavicchi, Elizabeth Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151955 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151954 A witness account of solar microscope projections: collective acts integrating across personal and historical memory Cavicchi, Elizabeth The paper describes the author's witnessing of images projected from an eighteenth-century solar microscope made by John Dollond, now at the Deutsches Museum in Munich. Peter Heering facilitated this session as part of his research on the solar microscope. A rectangular mirror, the length of a hand, mounted outside a museum window caught the sunlight and directed it indoors into the microscope's optical tube with its specimen. Astonishing detail was displayed in the resulting image projected onto a screen at human height. Crisply delineated scales patterned the image cast by a historical specimen of a butterfly wing. Observers interacted fluidly with these images in the very dark room. In sharing what we noticed, questioned and conjectured, we contributed to a temporary community. These participant interactions relate to Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer's notion that, in the seventeenth century, Robert Boyle used witnessing as a ‘collective act’. Here, the ‘collective act’ spanned participation across history. For example, Robert Hooke's 1665 Micrographia inspired Philip and Phylis Morrison's workshop during my college years and their collaboration with the Eames Office on a film depicting travel through ‘powers of ten’, based on Kees Boeke's 1957 picture book. Personal memories were extended and informed by historical experiences, both for Robert Hooke's subsequent interpreters and for Peter Heering's participants. Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151954 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151953 Time traveling––An intuitive grasp of time takes time Cavicchi, Elizabeth Seeking to understand the experience of time and instruments of its measure, three students of today traveled in past, present and future in analogy to the Time Traveller of nineteenth century novelist H.G. Wells. Like those long before, they watched natural phenomena, wondered at what they saw, and generated observations and instrumental means for recording happenings in time. Sketching shadows one afternoon, they noticed changes and initiated to mark a pillar’s shadow with chalk. On later autumn days, they marked that pillar’s shadow in another color and discussed what these chalk marks revealed about sun, earth and the seasons. A hollow tube exposed the motion of stars; an astrolabe provided a window into the world of ancient observers; the Greek Antikythera mechanism posed an unsolvable puzzle from the past. Other class activities included examining internal mechanisms of kinetic sculptures, wind-up toys and mechanical clocks; reading fictional and historical accounts; and watching stop-action photography in the early silent films of Georges Méliès. Lego constructions by two school-aged boys propelled students’ imagination into the future. I participated with my students through practicing the research pedagogy of Critical Exploration, proposed by Eleanor Duckworth. The teacher of a critical exploration encourages curiosity and personal exploration by careful observation and reaction to student ideas. By not giving them the answers, but inviting open-ended explorations in which anything can happen or be tried, I encouraged my students in collaboratively developing an intuitive sense of time. Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151953 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151952 Shaping and being shaped by environments for learning science: continuities with the space and democratic vision of a century ago Cavicchi, Elizabeth Environments of learning often remain unnoticed and unacknowledged. This study follows a student and myself as we became aware of our local environment at MIT and welcomed that environment as a vibrant contributor to our learning. We met this environment in part through its educational heritage in two centennial anniversaries: John Dewey’s 1916 work Democracy and Education, and MIT’s 1916 move from Boston to the Cambridge campus designed by architect William Welles Bosworth. Dewey argued that for learning to arise through constructive, active engagement among students, the environment must be structured to accommodate investigation. In designing an environment conducive to practical and inventive studies, Bosworth created organic classical forms harboring the illusion of symmetry, while actually departing from it. Students and I are made open to the effects of this environment through the research pedagogy of “critical exploration in the classroom”, which informs my practice of listening and responding, and teaching while researching; it lay fertile grounds for involvement of one student and myself with our environment. Through viewing the moon and sky by eye, telescope, airplane and astrolabe, the student developed as an observer. She became connected with the larger universe, and critical of formalisms that encage mind and space. Applying Euclid’s geometry to the architecture outdoors, the student noticed and questioned classical features in Bosworth’s buildings. By encountering these buildings while accompanied by their current restorer, we came to see means by which their structure and design promote human interaction and environmental sustainability as intrinsic to education. The student responded creatively to Bosworth’s buildings through photography, learning view-camera and darkroom techniques. In Dewey’s view, democracy entails rejecting dualisms endemic in academic culture since the Greek classical era. Dewey regarded experimental science, where learners are investigators, as a means of engaging the world without invoking dualism. Although Dewey’s theory is seldom practiced, our investigations cohered with Deweyan practice. We experienced the environment with its centennial philosophy and architecture as educational agency supportive of investigation that continues to evolve across personal and collective history. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151952 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151951 Review of "Berlin Electropolis: Shock, Nerves, and German Modernity." Cavicchi, Elizabeth Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151951 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151950 Review of "Thing knowledge: A philosophy of scientific instruments." Cavicchi, Elizabeth Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151950 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151805 Observing, Exploring, and Learning in Science and Its History Cavicchi, Elizabeth Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151805 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151804 Introducing Investigation into the Teaching and Learning Experiences of New Teachers of Science Cavicchi, Elizabeth; Hughes-McDonnell, Fiona Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151804 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151803 Historical Scientific Instruments in Exploratory Teaching and Learning Cavicchi, Elizabeth Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151803 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151802 Using Historical Scientific Instruments in Contemporary Education: Experiences and Perspectives Cavicchi, Elizabeth; Heering, Peter Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151802 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151801 Exploring mirrors, recreating science and history, becoming a class community Cavicchi, Elizabeth A teacher narrates from activities and discussions that arose among undergraduates and herself while doing critical explorations of mirrors. Surprised by light's behaviors, the students responded with curiosity, losing their dependence on answers as the format of school knowledge. Inadequacies in how participants supposed light works emerged in the context of reinventing historical discoveries, including Ptolemy's second century AD account of how curved mirrors reflect, Chinese burning mirrors reported in the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), and a ninth century AD Arabic translation of Euclid's surveying proposition. Using historical accounts only as a starting point and motivation, students' improvisational experiments explored personal interests and provided grounds for synthesizing new understandings of light and learning, and for forming relationships of community among each. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151801 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151800 Charles Grafton Page's Experiment with a Spiral Conductor Cavicchi, Elizabeth In the 1830s, American experimenter Charles Grafton Page pioneered electromagnetism, developing instruments, experimental practice, and understandings that were foundational for nineteenth-century technologies such as the telegraph and induction coil. While a student, Page detected electricity in a spiral conductor where direct current had not passed and no one expected current to be. He felt bodily shock and saw sparks. This paper explores that experiment through historical accounts and my own reconstruction of it. Page opened up boundaries in the physical circuit and cultural outlook that others treated as closed. New possibilities emerged; by tolerating the ambiguity that accompanied them, Page improvised fluidly and was able to make further discoveries. In recreating his experiment, I encountered variable signals. Like Page, I developed lab techniques that generated unexpected effects and questions. This study shows how opening up physical and cultural boundaries brings to light investigative possibilities not apparent before, possibilities which can become entry points for further exploration. Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151800 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151799 Blind Experimenting in a Sighted World: The Electrical Innovations of Jonathan Nash Hearder Cavicchi, Elizabeth Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151799 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151798 Nineteenth-Century Developments in Coiled Instruments and Experiences with Electromagnetic Induction Cavicchi, Elizabeth Faraday demonstrated electromagnetic induction in 1831 using an iron ring wound with two wire coils; on interrupting battery current in one coil, momentary currents arose in the other. Between Faraday’s ring and the induction coil, coiled instruments developed via meandering paths. This paper explores the opening phase of that work in the late 1830s, as the iron core, primary wire coil and secondary wire coil were researched and differentiated. ‘Working knowledge’ (defined by Baird) gained with materials and phenomena was crucial to innovations. To understand these material-based interactions, I experimented with hand-wound coils, along with examining historical texts, drawings and artefacts. My experience recovered the historical dead-end of two-wire coils and ensuing work with long-coiled single conductors initiated by Faraday and Henry. The shock and spark heightened in these coils provided feedback to the many instrumental configurations tested by Page, Callan, Sturgeon, Bachhoffner, and others. The continuous conductor differentiated into two segments soldered together: a thick short wire carrying battery current and a long thin wire for elevating shocks (voltage). The joined wires eventually separated, yet their transitional connection documents belief that the induced effects depend on continuity. These coiled instruments, with their intertwined histories, show experimental work and understandings in the process of developing. Seeing the nonlinear paths by which these instruments developed deepens our understanding of historical experiences, and of how people learn. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151798 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151797 Experiences with the magnetism of conducting loops: Historical instruments, experimental replications, and productive confusions Cavicchi, Elizabeth Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151797 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151795 Faraday and Piaget: Experimenting in relation with the world Cavicchi, Elizabeth Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151795 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151775 “The Trust of Spring – for Eleanor” and illustrations Cavicchi, Elizabeth Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151775 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151774 Effects, Devices and Adventures Cavicchi, Elizabeth Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151774 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151773 Activity inspired by Medieval Observers with Tube Cavicchi, Elizabeth For one born to French peasants, Gerbert took advantage of exceptional educational opportunities: monastic training at Aurillac; mathematical studies in Spain; tutoring the Pope and Emperor in Rome. Serving Reims cathedral school for twenty-five years, Gerbert transformed its curriculum and practices; his students disseminated these innovations across Europe. Gerbert’s teaching was research: seeking out unsanctioned, classical texts; analyzing mathematical arguments; observing the sky. His students did what they learned: speaking; observing; making music. He invented instructional instruments: diagrams; an abacus; astronomical spheres. He nurtured relationships of trust among teachers and students. Gerbert’s creativity is a provocative impetus for us to face pedagogic inadequacies and develop responsive teaching that stands the test of time. Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151773 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151145 Metaphors of nature : the vision of Cézanne, Monet, and Poincaré. Cavicchi, Elizabeth Mary. Thesis: B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Humanities, 1978; Includes bibliographical references. Sun, 01 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/151145 1978-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/150329 Error Bound for Hill-Function Approximations in a Class of Stochastic Transcriptional Network Models Hirsch, Dylan; Grunberg, Theodore W.; Del Vecchio, Domitilla Hill functions are often used in stochastic models of gene regulation to approximate the dependence of gene activity on the concentration of the transcription factor which regulates the gene. It is incompletely known, however, how much error one may incur from this approximation. We investigate this question in the context of transcriptional networks (TN). In particular, under the assumption of rapid binding and unbinding of transcription factors with their gene targets, we bound the approximation error associated with Hill functions for TNs in which each transcription factor regulates a gene in a one-to-one fashion and each regulated gene produces a single transcription factor. We also assume that transcription factors do not homodimerize or heterodimerize and that each gene only has a single transcription factor binding site. These results are pertinent for the modeling of TNs and may also carry relevance for more general biological processes. Extended version Sat, 01 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/150329 2023-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/150328.2 Robust model invalidation for chemical reaction networks using generalized moments (extended version) Grunberg, Theodore W.; Del Vecchio, Domitilla Many biomolecular systems can be described by chemical reaction networks. Determining which chemical reaction network models are inconsistent with observed data can be done via model invalidation. In this work, we formulate and solve a robust version of the model invalidation problem for the case where only measurements from the stationary distribution are available. This problem corresponds to determining if an observed distribution could have been generated by the given chemical reaction network for some value of the parameters, plus a perturbation of bounded size with respect to total variation distance. The main technical tool we introduce to solve the problem is a set of generalized moments that make the problem amenable to an algorithmic solution. Extended version Fri, 31 Mar 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/150328.2 2023-03-31T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/150328 Robust model invalidation for chemical reaction networks using generalized moments (extended version) Grunberg, Theodore W.; Del Vecchio, Domitilla Many biomolecular systems can be described by chemical reaction networks. Determining which chemical reaction network models are inconsistent with observed data can be done via model invalidation. In this work, we formulate and solve a robust version of the model invalidation problem for the case where only measurements from the stationary distribution are available. This problem corresponds to determining if an observed distribution could have been generated by the given chemical reaction network for some value of the parameters, plus a perturbation of bounded size with respect to total variation distance. The main technical tool we introduce to solve the problem is a set of generalized moments that make the problem amenable to an algorithmic solution. Extended version Fri, 31 Mar 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/150328 2023-03-31T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/147760 Informe Tecnico del Analisis de Materiales Procedentes del Sitio La Barranca de las Fundiciones el Manchon Hosler, Dorothy In-depth archaeological excavation report on Guerrero, Mexico Sat, 01 Sep 2018 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/147760 2018-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/147759 Informe de las excaviones de la temporada 2006 en el Sitio de la Barranca de las Fundiciones de el Manchon Hosler, Dorothy In-depth archaeological excavation report on Guerrero, Mexico Sun, 01 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/147759 2012-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/147758 Informe parcial sobre las excavaciones en el sitio La Barranca de las Fundiciones del Manchon Hosler, Dorothy In-depth archaeological excavation report on Guerrero, Mexico Tue, 01 Mar 2005 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/147758 2005-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/147757 Informe Preliminar al Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia Hosler, Dorothy In-depth archaeological excavation report on Guerrero, Mexico Fri, 01 Oct 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/147757 1999-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/144248 Non-perturbative Hydrostatic Equilibrium Wisdom, Jack Fri, 05 Aug 2022 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/144248 2022-08-05T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/143552 RECHERCHES THÉORIQUES ET EXPÉRIMENTALES Sur la force de torsion, & sur I'élasticité des fils de métal Coulomb, Charles-Augustin (author), Louis Bucciarelli (translator) This Memoir has two objectives: the first, to determine the elastic force of torsion of fil-aments of steel and of brass as a function of their length, their thickness, and their degree of tension. I have already had need, in a Memoir on magnetized needles printed in the ninth volume of Savans Etrangers, to determine the force of torsion of hair and of silk; but I have never occupied myself with filaments of metal, because the nature of my research led me to choose the most flexible suspensions for the same force, and I have found that the filaments of silk had incomparably more flexibility than filaments of metal. The second objective of this Memoir is to evaluate the imperfection of the elastic reaction [inelastic behavior] of filaments of metal, and to examine the consequences that one can deduce about the laws of coherence and elasticity of bodies. This translation of Coulomb's memoir on the theory governing the torsional behavior of wires and the experimental determination of how the torsional stiffness depends on wire radius and length was made for a course taught by Louis Bucciarelli and Jed Buchwald at MIT (circa 2000) in which students attempted to replicate historic experiments using only the devices and materials available at the time of the original tests. The knowledge Coulomb acquired in his investigation of the elastic behavior of filaments of metal served, in subsequent memoirs, as a basis for the construction and use of balances to study the interaction of electrically charged bodies and of magnetized needles. The translation is followed by an outline and notes on Coulomb's theoretical analysis. Fri, 24 Jun 2022 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/143552 2022-06-24T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/143551 Construction et usage d'une balance électrique, fondée sur la propriété qu'ont les fils de métal, d'avoir une force de réaction de torsion proportionnelle à l'angle de torsion Coulomb, Charles-Augustin (author), Louis Bucciarelli (translator) In a memoir presented to the Academy, in 1784, I have determined from experiments the laws governing the torsional resistance of a filament of metal and I have found that this force is proportional to the angle of torsion, to the fourth power of the diameter of the suspended filament and inversely proportional to its length - all multiplied by a constant coefficient which depends on the nature of the metal and is easily determined by experiment. I have shown in the same Memoir that by means of this force of torsion, it was possible to precisely measure extremely small forces as, for example, one ten thousandths of a grain1. In the same Memoir I described a first application of this theory, seeking to evaluate the constant force attributed to adhesion in the formula for the surface friction of a solid body moving through a fluid. Today, I set before the eyes of the Academy, an electric balance constructed according to the same principles. It measures with the greatest precision the state and the electric force of a body, however weak the degree of electricity. This translation of Coulomb's memoir on electric charge was made for a course taught by Louis Bucciarelli and Jed Buchwald at MIT (circa 2000) in which students attempted to replicate historic experiments using only the devices and materials available at the time of the original tests. The "electric balance" used by Coulomb to determine that the repulsive force varied inversely as the square of the distance was built in accord with the results of experiments on the torsion of metal wires reported in a prior memoir presented to the Academy in 1784. A translation of the latter has also been posted to this collection. Fri, 24 Jun 2022 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/143551 2022-06-24T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131248 Abordar la desigualdad: el primer paso más allá del COVID-19 y hacia la sostenibilidad Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph P.; Arango-Quiroga, Johan; Metaxas, Kyriakos A.; Showalter, Amy L. La pandemia del COVID-19 ha afectado a miles de millones de vidas en todo el mundo y ha revelado y agravado las desigualdades sociales y económicas que han surgido durante las últimas décadas. A medida que los gobiernos consideran las estrategias económicas y de salud pública para responder a la crisis, es fundamental también abordar las debilidades de sus sistemas económicos y sociales que inhibieron su capacidad para responder de manera integral a la pandemia. Estas mismas debilidades también han socavado los esfuerzos para promover la igualdad y la sostenibilidad. Este documento explora más de 30 intervenciones en las siguientes nueve categorías de cambio que tienen el potencial de abordar la desigualdad, brindan acceso a todos los ciudadanos a bienes y servicios esenciales, y avanzar en el progreso hacia la sostenibilidad: (1) Transferencias de ingresos y riqueza para facilitar un aumento equitativo del poder adquisitivo / ingresos disponibles; (2) ensanchamiento de la propiedad de los trabajadores y ciudadanos de los medios de producción y prestación de servicios, permitiendo a las empresas que la obtención de beneficios se distribuya de forma más equitativa; (3) cambios en el suministro de bienes y servicios esenciales para más ciudadanos; (4) cambios en la demanda de bienes y servicios más sostenibles deseados por la gente; (5) estabilizar y asegurar el empleo y la fuerza laboral; (6) reducir el desproporcionado poder de las corporaciones y los más ricos en el mercado y el sistema político a través de la expansión y la aplicación de la ley antimonopolio de modo que el dominio de unas pocas empresas en sectores críticos ya no prevalezca (7) provisión gubernamental de bienes y servicios esenciales como educación, atención médica, vivienda, alimentación y movilidad; (8) una reasignación del gasto público entre operaciones militares y necesidades sociales domésticas; y (9) suspender o reestructurar la deuda de los países emergentes y en desarrollo países. Cualquier intervención que se centre en hacer crecer la economía también debe ir acompañada de aquellos que compensan los compromisos resultantes para la salud, la seguridad y el medio ambiente del aumento consumo insostenible. Este documento compara e identifica las intervenciones que deben ser consideradas como un primer paso fundamental importante para ir más allá de la pandemia COVID-19 y hacia la sostenibilidad. En este sentido, proporciona un conjunto integral de estrategias que podrían promover avances hacia un componente del Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) 10 para reducir la desigualdad dentro de los países. Sin embargo, las intervenciones candidatas también se contrastan con los 17 ODS para revelar posibles áreas problemáticas/compensaciones que pueden necesitar una atención cuidadosa. Wed, 01 Jul 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131248 2020-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131184 Legal Considerations of Reproductive Hazards in Industry in the United States Ashford, Nicholas A. Clearly, the human risks posed by reproductive hazards in the work place are both serious and far-reaching. An effective control strategy, then, must be one that emphasises prevention while preserving employment opportunities for the worker. It is hoped that employers will recognise the need for voluntary abatement of reproductive hazards. It must be recognised, however, that employees may need to avail themselves of legal mechanisms to encourage preventive actions. In many cases the most readily available mechanisms for preventive relief will be those created by federal statute; in other instances, private actions may be required. Legislative and statutory mechanisms include standard-setting for reproductive hazards; access to exposure and medical records; the rights of workers to individually refuse hazardous work; and antidiscrimination protection. Private actions include the court injunction; collective bargaining by unions; and suits for damages suffered. Sun, 01 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131184 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131183 Legal Considerations of Reproductive Hazards in Industry in the United States Ashford, Nicholas A. Clearly, the human risks posed by reproductive hazards in the work place are both serious and far-reaching. An effective control strategy, then, must be one that emphasises prevention while preserving employment opportunities for the worker. It is hoped that employers will recognise the need for voluntary abatement of reproductive hazards. It must be recognised, however, that employees may need to avail themselves of legal mechanisms to encourage preventive actions. In many cases the most readily available mechanisms for preventive relief will be those created by federal statute; in other instances, private actions may be required. Legislative and statutory mechanisms include standard-setting for reproductive hazards; access to exposure and medical records; the rights of workers to individually refuse hazardous work; and antidiscrimination protection. Private actions include the court injunction; collective bargaining by unions; and suits for damages suffered. Sun, 01 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131183 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131182 Trade-off Analysis (with a revised Rawlsian Decision-making Philosophy) as an Alternative to Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) in Socio-technical Decisions Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Söderbaum, Peter This paper discusses the concept of trade-off analysis as an alternative to cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in socio-technical decisions. The concept of trade-off analysis is not new, but increasing dissatisfaction with CBA as the centerpiece of decision analysis and concerns for Rawlsian equity warrant its reintroduction into decision-making. As a decision-support tool, trade-off analysis [1] allows decision-makers to avoid monetizing and aggregating non-monetary factors over time; [2] invites the involvement of stakeholders into policy debates since there is greater transparency as to who benefits and who is harmed by a particular policy; [3] enables analysts to undertake a comparative analysis of alternatives over time; and [4] takes into account the important role of technological change in shaping the state and performance of a system. In addition, a revised Rawlsian approach to incorporating equity and environmental considerations into decision-making is advocated as a way of promoting sustainable development. While the proposed framework has yet to be applied on a wide scale, the authors believe it approximates the way that decisions are actually made in the political system and holds the potential to assist with decision-making for sustainable development in a broad variety of contexts. Wed, 20 Feb 2008 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131182 2008-02-20T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131181 Trade-off Analysis (with a revised Rawlsian Decision-making Philosophy) as an Alternative to Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) in Socio-technical Decisions Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Söderbaum, Peter This paper discusses the concept of trade-off analysis as an alternative to cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in socio-technical decisions. The concept of trade-off analysis is not new, but increasing dissatisfaction with CBA as the centerpiece of decision analysis and concerns for Rawlsian equity warrant its reintroduction into decision-making. As a decision-support tool, trade-off analysis [1] allows decision-makers to avoid monetizing and aggregating non-monetary factors over time; [2] invites the involvement of stakeholders into policy debates since there is greater transparency as to who benefits and who is harmed by a particular policy; [3] enables analysts to undertake a comparative analysis of alternatives over time; and [4] takes into account the important role of technological change in shaping the state and performance of a system. In addition, a revised Rawlsian approach to incorporating equity and environmental considerations into decision-making is advocated as a way of promoting sustainable development. While the proposed framework has yet to be applied on a wide scale, the authors believe it approximates the way that decisions are actually made in the political system and holds the potential to assist with decision-making for sustainable development in a broad variety of contexts. Wed, 20 Feb 2008 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131181 2008-02-20T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131180 The Many-Faceted Nature of the Precautionary Principle: Science, Technology, Social Justice, and Accountability Transcript of “The Many-Faceted Nature of the Precautionary Principle: Science, Technology, Social Justice, and Accountability” presented at the “Symposium on Health Risks, Innovation and Precaution”, Paris, 24 June 2015, Available at: https://youtu.be/l0slNw371cc Wed, 24 Jun 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131180 2015-06-24T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131179 Misinformation and What to Do About It Ashford, Nicholas A. Video presentation on Misinformation and What to Do About It by Prof. Nicholas A. Ashford, MIT on 11 June 2021 DISINFORMATION: The Straight Scoop. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvWbvlWfq98 Fri, 11 Jun 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131179 2021-06-11T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131178 Misinformation and What to Do About It Ashford, Nicholas A. Video presentation on Misinformation and What to Do About It by Prof. Nicholas A. Ashford, MIT on 11 June 2021. DISINFORMATION: The Straight Scoop. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvWbvlWfq98 Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131178 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131177 Toxicant‑induced loss of tolerance for chemicals, foods, and drugs: assessing patterns of exposure behind a global phenomenon Masri, Shahir; Miller, Claudia; Palmer, Raymond; Ashford, Nicholas A. Background: Despite 15–36% of the U.S. population reporting Chemical Intolerances (CI) or sensitivity, the condition has been overlooked in medicine and public health. CI is characterized by multisystem symptoms and new-onset intolerances that develop in a subset of individuals following a major chemical exposure event or repeated low-level exposures. While Toxicant-Induced Loss of Tolerance (TILT) is a two-stage disease mechanism proposed to explain CI, less is known about the exposures that initiate the disease, than about the intolerances that have been documented. Methods: We reviewed eight major exposure events that preceded onset of chemical intolerance in groups of individuals sharing the same exposure. Our goal was to identify the chemicals and/or groups of chemicals that were most pervasive during each exposure event as well as identify the concentrations of key chemicals involved in each exposure event and the proportions of exposed individuals who ultimately developed TILT following exposure. Case studies we selected for review included (1) workers at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) headquarters during renovations; (2) Gulf War veterans; (3) pesticide exposure among casino workers; (4) exposure to aircraft oil fumes; (5) the World Trade Center tragedy; (6) surgical implants; (7) moldy environments; and (8) tunnel workers exposed to solvents. Results: Mixed volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs), followed by pesticides and combustion products were most prevalent across TILT initiation events. As a broader category, synthetic organic chemicals and their combustion products were the primary exposures associated with chemical intolerance. Such chemicals included pesticides, peroxides, nerve agents, anti-nerve agent drugs, lubricants and additives, xylene, benzene, and acetone. Conclusion: A select group of exposures were predominant in several major initiating events, suggesting their potential role in TILT initiation. Such insights are useful to public health scientists, physicians, and policymakers seeking to minimize harmful exposures and prevent future disease. Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131177 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131176 Toxicant‑induced loss of tolerance for chemicals, foods, and drugs: assessing patterns of exposure behind a global phenomenon Masri, Shahir; Miller, Claudia; Palmer, Raymond; Ashford, Nicholas A. Background: Despite 15–36% of the U.S. population reporting Chemical Intolerances (CI) or sensitivity, the condition has been overlooked in medicine and public health. CI is characterized by multisystem symptoms and new-onset intolerances that develop in a subset of individuals following a major chemical exposure event or repeated low-level exposures. While Toxicant-Induced Loss of Tolerance (TILT) is a two-stage disease mechanism proposed to explain CI, less is known about the exposures that initiate the disease, than about the intolerances that have been documented. Methods: We reviewed eight major exposure events that preceded onset of chemical intolerance in groups of individuals sharing the same exposure. Our goal was to identify the chemicals and/or groups of chemicals that were most pervasive during each exposure event as well as identify the concentrations of key chemicals involved in each exposure event and the proportions of exposed individuals who ultimately developed TILT following exposure. Case studies we selected for review included (1) workers at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) headquarters during renovations; (2) Gulf War veterans; (3) pesticide exposure among casino workers; (4) exposure to aircraft oil fumes; (5) the World Trade Center tragedy; (6) surgical implants; (7) moldy environments; and (8) tunnel workers exposed to solvents. Results: Mixed volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs), followed by pesticides and combustion products were most prevalent across TILT initiation events. As a broader category, synthetic organic chemicals and their combustion products were the primary exposures associated with chemical intolerance. Such chemicals included pesticides, peroxides, nerve agents, anti-nerve agent drugs, lubricants and additives, xylene, benzene, and acetone. Conclusion: A select group of exposures were predominant in several major initiating events, suggesting their potential role in TILT initiation. Such insights are useful to public health scientists, physicians, and policymakers seeking to minimize harmful exposures and prevent future disease. Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131176 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131175 The Fight Against Misinformation Isn’t Just on Facebook: Broadcast and Talk Radio Are As Big a Problem As Social Media Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131175 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131174 Covid-19 Could Be an Opportunity to Combat Inequality Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131174 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131173 Addressing Inequality: The First Step Beyond COVID-19 and towards Sustainability Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph; Arango-Quiroga, Johan; Metaxas, Kyriakos; Showalter, Amy The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted billions of lives across the world and has revealed and worsened the social and economic inequalities that have emerged over the past several decades. As governments consider public health and economic strategies to respond to the crisis, it is critical they also address the weaknesses of their economic and social systems that inhibited their ability to respond comprehensively to the pandemic. These same weaknesses have also undermined efforts to advance equality and sustainability. This paper explores over 30 interventions across the following nine categories of change that hold the potential to address inequality, provide all citizens with access to essential goods and services, and advance progress towards sustainability: (1) Income and wealth transfers to facilitate an equitable increase in purchasing power/disposable income; (2) broadening worker and citizen ownership of the means of production and supply of services, allowing corporate profit-taking to be more equitably distributed; (3) changes in the supply of essential goods and services for more citizens; (4) changes in the demand for more sustainable goods and services desired by people; (5) stabilizing and securing employment and the workforce; (6) reducing the disproportionate power of corporations and the very wealthy on the market and political system through the expansion and enforcement of antitrust law such that the dominance of a few firms in critical sectors no longer prevails; (7) government provision of essential goods and services such as education, healthcare, housing, food, and mobility; (8) a reallocation of government spending between military operations and domestic social needs; and (9) suspending or restructuring debt from emerging and developing countries. Any interventions that focus on growing the economy must also be accompanied by those that offset the resulting compromises to health, safety, and the environment from increasing unsustainable consumption. This paper compares and identifies the interventions that should be considered as an important foundational first step in moving beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and towards sustainability. In this regard, it provides a comprehensive set of strategies that could advance progress towards a component of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 10 to reduce inequality within countries. However, the candidate interventions are also contrasted with all 17 SDGs to reveal potential problem areas/tradeoffs that may need careful attention. Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131173 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131114 The Many-Faceted Nature of the Precautionary Principle: Science, Technology, Social Justice, and Accountability Ashford, Nicholas A. Nicholas Ashford video on “The Many-Faceted Nature of the Precautionary Principle: Science, Technology, Social Justice, and Accountability” presented at the “Symposium on Health Risks, Innovation and Precaution”, Paris, 24 June 2015, sponsored by ANSES, The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety.” Available at: https://youtu.be/l0slNw371cc Wed, 24 Jun 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131114 2015-06-24T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131113 The Many-Faceted Nature of the Precautionary Principle: Science, Technology, Social Justice, and Accountability Ashford, Nicholas A. Nicholas Ashford video on “The Many-Faceted Nature of the Precautionary Principle: Science, Technology, Social Justice, and Accountability” presented at the “Symposium on Health Risks, Innovation and Precaution”, Paris, 24 June 2015, sponsored by ANSES, The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety.” Also available at: https://youtu.be/l0slNw371cc Wed, 24 Jun 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131113 2015-06-24T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131110 Transformation of the Industrial State During a Perfect Storm Ashford, Nicholas A. Transformation of the Industrial State During a Perfect Storm Presentation at Delft University (Scroll down to my picture then choose “watch lecture”) http://www.tudelft.nl/en/research/thematic-cooperation/delft-research-based-initiatives/delft-energy-initiative/meet-the-energy-leaders/ Also available at https://collegerama.tudelft.nl/Mediasite/Play/b07070661ea24ebca6c4d2f42a34a6fd1d Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131110 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131109 Transformation of the Industrial State During a Perfect Storm Ashford, Nicholas A. Ashford, Nicholas (2016) “Transformation of the Industrial State During a Perfect Storm” Presentation at Delft University (Scroll down to my picture then choose “watch lecture”) http://www.tudelft.nl/en/research/thematic-cooperation/delft-research-based-initiatives/delft-energy-initiative/meet-the-energy-leaders/ Also available at: https://collegerama.tudelft.nl/Mediasite/Play/b07070661ea24ebca6c4d2f42a34a6fd1d Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131109 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131107 Creating Ethical Engineers Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131107 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131106 Universal Basic Income and Inclusive Capitalism: Consequences for Sustainability Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Ashford, Robert; Arango-Quiroga, Johan Over the past forty years, income growth for the middle and lower classes has stagnated, while the economy (and with it, economic inequality) has grown significantly. Early automation, the decline of labor unions, changes in corporate taxation, the financialization and globalization of the economy, deindustrialization in the U.S. and many OECD countries, and trade have contributed to these trends. However, the transformative roles of more recent automation and digital technologies/artificial intelligence (AI) are now considered by many as additional and potentially more potent forces undermining the ability of workers to maintain their foothold in the economy. These drivers of change are intensifying the extent to which advancing technology imbedded in increasingly productive real capital is driving productivity. To compound the problem, many solutions presented by industrialized nations to environmental problems rely on hyper-e cient technologies, which if fully implemented, could further advance the displacement of well-paid job opportunities for many. While there are numerous ways to address economic inequality, there is growing interest in using some form of universal basic income (UBI) to enhance income and provide economic stability. However, these approaches rarely consider the potential environmental impact from the likely increase in aggregate demand for goods and services or consider ways to focus this demand on more sustainable forms of consumption. Based on the premise that the problems of income distribution and environmental sustainability must be addressed in an integrated and holistic way, this paper considers how a range of approaches to financing a UBI system, and a complementary market solution based on an ownership-broadening approach to inclusive capitalism, might advance or undermine strategies to improve environmental sustainability. Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131106 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131105 Achieving Environmental and Global Climate Goals by Governmental Regulatory Targeting Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph Strategic niche management and transition management have been promoted as useful avenues to pursue in order to achieve both specific product or process changes and system transformation by focusing on technology development through evolutionary and co-evolutionary processes, guided by government and relevant stakeholders. However, these processes are acknowledged to require decades to achieve their intended changes, a timeframe that is too long to adequately address many of the environmental and social issues many industrialized and industrializing nations are facing. An approach that involves incumbents and does not consider targets that look beyond reasonably foreseeable technology is likely to advance a model where incumbents evolve rather than being replaced or displaced. On the other hand, approaches that focus on creating new entrants could nurture niche development or deployment of disruptive technologies, but those technologies may only be marginally better than the technologies they replace. Either approach may take a long time to achieve their goals. Sustainable development requires both radical disruptive technological and institutional changes, the latter including stringent regulation, the integration of disparate goals, and changes in incentives to enable new voices to contribute to new systems and solutions. This paper outlines options for a strong governmental role in setting future sustainability goals and the pathways for achieving them. Mon, 01 Jan 2018 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131105 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131104 Arkema was not a Natural Disaster. It was a Preventable Accident Waiting to Happen Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 06 Sep 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131104 2017-09-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131103 The New TSCA: Challenges Remain Ashford, Nicholas A. Mon, 01 May 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131103 2017-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131102 De-[Constructing] Growth: Decoupling Profits from Unsustainable Production Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 12 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131102 2017-01-12T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131101 Evolving Algorithms for Sustainable Development: Technology, Policy, and Environment Ashford, Nicholas A. Ashford, Nicholas (2016). “Evolving Algorithms for Sustainable Development: Technology, Policy, and Environment” Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ayyib5THzxw&feature=youtu.be Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131101 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131100 Evolving Algorithms for Sustainable Development: Technology, Policy, and Environment Ashford, Nicholas A. Ashford, Nicholas (2016). “Evolving Algorithms for Sustainable Development: Technology, Policy, and Environment” Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ayyib5THzxw&feature=youtu.be Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131100 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131095 Aligning Policies for Low-carbon System Innovation in Europe Ashford, Nicholas A.; Renda, Andrea Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131095 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131093 The Flaws in the Emerging Toxics Reform Legislation and How They Can Be Fixed Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 12 Apr 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131093 2016-04-12T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131092 Making Serious Inroads into Achieving Sustainable Development: Is Strategic Niche Management/Transition Management Sufficient to Transform the Industrial State? Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph Making Serious Inroads into Achieving Sustainable Development: Is Strategic Niche Management/Transition Management Sufficient to Transform the Industrial State?” Conference: 6th International Sustainability Transitions (IST) Conference. Sustainability Transitions and Wider Transformative Change Historical Roots and Future Pathways, At Brighton, University of Sussex Campus (Falmer), UK August 2015. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280839263_Making_Serious_Inroads_into_Achieving_Sustainable_Development_Is_Strategic_Niche_ManagementTransition_Management_Sufficient_to_Transform_the_Industrial_State Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131092 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131091 Cancer Risk: Role of Environment Ashford, Nicholas A.; Bauman, Patricia; Brown, Halina; Clapp, Richard; Finkel, Adam; Gee, David; Hattis, Dale; Martuzzi, Marco; Sasco, Annie; Sass, Jennifer IN THEIR REPORT “Variation in cancer risk among tissues can be explained by the number of stem cell divisions” (2 January, p. 78), C. Tomasetti and B. Vogelstein discuss an interesting correlation (0.804) between estimated lifetime stem cell division number in 31 tissue types and corresponding cancer incidence rates in the United States. However, their assertion that only 35% of cancer risk variation is due to environmental or genetic factors is problematic. Letter to the Editor Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131091 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131090 Trade Policy Ashford, Nicholas A. In an otherwise insightful and thoughtful article, Sebastian Pfotenhauer (Trade Policy Is Science Policy,” Issues, Fall 2013) might better have entitled his contribution “Trade Policy Needs to Be Reconciled with Science Policy.” The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the agreements administered by the World Trade Organization, particularly the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), were adopted to promote international trade and increase the economic benefits therefrom. Harmonization of environmental, health, and safety, and (EHS) standards and practices was generally not the goal of these agreements, except perhaps for the TBT agreement, which was predicated on EHS standards being based on “strong science” that could result in uniformity dictated by rigorous scientific consensus focused on risk assessments. Letter to the Editor Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131090 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131089 Trade Policy Ashford, Nicholas A. In an otherwise insightful and thoughtful article, Sebastian Pfotenhauer (Trade Policy Is Science Policy,” Issues, Fall 2013) might better have entitled his contribution “Trade Policy Needs to Be Reconciled with Science Policy.” The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the agreements administered by the World Trade Organization, particularly the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), were adopted to promote international trade and increase the economic benefits therefrom. Harmonization of environmental, health, and safety, and (EHS) standards and practices was generally not the goal of these agreements, except perhaps for the TBT agreement, which was predicated on EHS standards being based on “strong science” that could result in uniformity dictated by rigorous scientific consensus focused on risk assessments. Letter to the Editor Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131089 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131088 A Four-day Workweek: a Policy for Improving Employment and Environmental Conditions in Europe Ashford, Nicholas A.; Kallis, Giorgos Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131088 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131087 A Four-day Workweek: a Policy for Improving Employment and Environmental Conditions in Europe Ashford, Nicholas A.; Kallis, Giorgos Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131087 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131086 Friday off’: Reducing Working hours in Europe Kallis, Giorgos; Kalush, Michael; O'Flynn, Jack; Rossiter, Jack; Ashford, Nicholas A. This article explores the pros and cons for reducing working hours in Europe. To arrive to an informed judgment we review critically the theoretical and empirical literature, mostly from economics, concerning the relation between working hours on the one hand, and productivity, employment, quality of life, and the environment, on the other. We adopt a binary economics distinction between capital and labor productiveness, and are concerned with how working hours may be reduced without harming the earning capacity of workers. There are reasons to believe that reducing working hours may absorb some unemployment, especially in the short-run, even if less than what is advocated by proponents of the proposal. Further, there may well be strong benefits for the quality of peoples’ lives. Environmental benefits are likely but depend crucially on complementary policies or social conditions that will ensure that the time liberated will not be directed to resource-intensive or environmentally harmful consumption. It is questionable whether reduced working hours are sustainable in the long-term given resource limits and climate change. We conclude that while the results of reducing working hours are uncertain, this may be a risk worth taking, especially as an interim measure that may relieve unemployment while other necessary structural changes are instituted. Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131086 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131085 Friday off’: Reducing Working hours in Europe Kallis, Giorgos; Kalush, Michael; Hugh, O'Flynn; Rossiter, Jack; Ashford, Nicholas A. This article explores the pros and cons for reducing working hours in Europe. To arrive to an informed judgment we review critically the theoretical and empirical literature, mostly from economics, concerning the relation between working hours on the one hand, and productivity, employment, quality of life, and the environment, on the other. We adopt a binary economics distinction between capital and labor productiveness, and are concerned with how working hours may be reduced without harming the earning capacity of workers. There are reasons to believe that reducing working hours may absorb some unemployment, especially in the short-run, even if less than what is advocated by proponents of the proposal. Further, there may well be strong benefits for the quality of peoples’ lives. Environmental benefits are likely but depend crucially on complementary policies or social conditions that will ensure that the time liberated will not be directed to resource-intensive or environmentally harmful consumption. It is questionable whether reduced working hours are sustainable in the long-term given resource limits and climate change. We conclude that while the results of reducing working hours are uncertain, this may be a risk worth taking, especially as an interim measure that may relieve unemployment while other necessary structural changes are instituted. Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131085 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131084 Addressing the Crisis in Employment and Consumer Demand: Reconciliation with Financial and Environmental Sustainability Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Robert Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131084 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131083 Addressing the Crisis in Employment and Consumer Demand: Reconciliation with Financial and Environmental Sustainability Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Robert Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131083 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131082 Broadening Capital Acquisition with the Earnings of Capital as a Means of Sustainable Growth and Environmental Sustainability Ashford, Robert; Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131082 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131081 Broadening Capital Acquisition with the Earnings of Capital as a Means of Sustainable Growth and Environmental Sustainability Ashford, Robert; Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131081 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131051 The Crisis in Employment and Consumer Demand: Reconciliation with Environmental Sustainability Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Robert This paper argues that a sustainable industrial system depends not only on good environmental and public health outcomes, but also on sustainable employment and earning capacity in a sustainable economic system. These concerns are likely to dominate future national political debates, requiring responses that increase the earning capacity of individuals through changes in the nature of work and employment, and in the ownership of productive capital. Making the economy greener, while certainly necessary for long-term economic and societal survival, does not necessarily mean more and better paying jobs on a large enough scale to make serious progress to reducing unemployment and underemployment. At present, national and global reforms are focused on improving the financial system, which is not synonymous with reforming the economic system or improving the economic status of individual citizens. This paper discusses specific policies and initiatives that need to be considered to ensure sustainable employment and livelihoods. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131051 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131050 The Crisis in Employment and Consumer Demand: Reconciliation with Environmental Sustainability Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Robert This paper argues that a sustainable industrial system depends not only on good environmental and public health outcomes, but also on sustainable employment and earning capacity in a sustainable economic system. These concerns are likely to dominate future national political debates, requiring responses that increase the earning capacity of individuals through changes in the nature of work and employment, and in the ownership of productive capital. Making the economy greener, while certainly necessary for long-term economic and societal survival, does not necessarily mean more and better paying jobs on a large enough scale to make serious progress to reducing unemployment and underemployment. At present, national and global reforms are focused on improving the financial system, which is not synonymous with reforming the economic system or improving the economic status of individual citizens. This paper discusses specific policies and initiatives that need to be considered to ensure sustainable employment and livelihoods. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131050 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131049 Major Challenges To Education for Sustainable Development: Can the Current Nature of Institutions of Higher Education Hope to Educate the Change Agents Needed for Sustainable Development? Ashford, Nicholas A. Scholars and professionals committed to fostering sustainable development have urged a re-examination of the curriculum and the restructuring of research in engineering-focused institutions of higher learning. The focus is on engineering, more than on the natural and physical sciences or on social science, because the activities that drive the industrial state – the activities that implement scientific advance – are generally rooted in engineering. Moreover, engineers are known as ‘problem solvers’ and if economies are becoming unsustainable because of engineering, it is natural to ask whether engineering as an activity and as a profession can be re-directed toward achieving sustainable transformations. Of course, engineering can not do it alone; scientific as well as social and legal changes must occur as well. This paper addresses the challenges ahead, if this optimistic vision is to be more than wishful thinking. Following a treatment of the philosophical and intellectual foundations of technological, organizational, social, and pedagogical innovation necessary for sustainable transformations of existing institutions and mindsets, this paper ends by addressing the following themes and questions: (1) How can multi- and trans-disciplinary research and teaching coexist in a meaningful way in today’s university structures? (2) Does education relevant to sustainable development require its own protected incubating environment to survive, or will it otherwise be gobbled up and marginalized by attempting to instill it throughout the traditional curriculum and traditional disciplines? (3) How can difficulties in linking the needed teaching and research be overcome? (4) Even if there exist technical options to do so, how can it be made safe for courageous students to take educational paths different from traditional tracks? (5) What can we learn from comparative analysis of universities in different nations and environments? and (6) What roles can national and EU governments have in accelerating the needed changes? Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131049 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131048 Major Challenges To Education for Sustainable Development: Can the Current Nature of Institutions of Higher Education Hope to Educate the Change Agents Needed for Sustainable Development? Ashford, Nicholas A. Scholars and professionals committed to fostering sustainable development have urged a re-examination of the curriculum and the restructuring of research in engineering-focused institutions of higher learning. The focus is on engineering, more than on the natural and physical sciences or on social science, because the activities that drive the industrial state – the activities that implement scientific advance – are generally rooted in engineering. Moreover, engineers are known as ‘problem solvers’ and if economies are becoming unsustainable because of engineering, it is natural to ask whether engineering as an activity and as a profession can be re-directed toward achieving sustainable transformations. Of course, engineering can not do it alone; scientific as well as social and legal changes must occur as well. This paper addresses the challenges ahead, if this optimistic vision is to be more than wishful thinking. Following a treatment of the philosophical and intellectual foundations of technological, organizational, social, and pedagogical innovation necessary for sustainable transformations of existing institutions and mindsets, this paper ends by addressing the following themes and questions: (1) How can multi- and trans-disciplinary research and teaching coexist in a meaningful way in today’s university structures? (2) Does education relevant to sustainable development require its own protected incubating environment to survive, or will it otherwise be gobbled up and marginalized by attempting to instill it throughout the traditional curriculum and traditional disciplines? (3) How can difficulties in linking the needed teaching and research be overcome? (4) Even if there exist technical options to do so, how can it be made safe for courageous students to take educational paths different from traditional tracks? (5) What can we learn from comparative analysis of universities in different nations and environments? and (6) What roles can national and EU governments have in accelerating the needed changes? Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131048 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131047 The Importance of Regulation-Induced Innovation for Sustainable Development Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph This article explores the complex relationship between environmental regulation, innovation, and sustainable development within the context of an increasingly globalizing economy. The economic development, environment, and employment aspects of sustainable development are emphasized. We contend that the most crucial problem in achieving sustainability is lock-in or path dependency due to (1) the failure to envision, design, and implement policies that achieve co-optimization, or the mutually reinforcing, of social goals, and (2) entrenched economic and political interests that gain from the present system and advancement of its current trends. The article argues that industrial policy, environmental law and policy, and trade initiatives must be ‗opened up‘ by expanding the practice of multi-purpose policy design, and that these policies must be integrated as well. Sustainable development requires stimulating revolutionary technological innovation through environmental, health, safety, economic, and labor market regulation. Greater support for these changes must also be reinforced by ‗opening up the participatory and political space‘ to enable new voices to contribute to integrated thinking and solutions. Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131047 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131046 The Importance of Regulation-Induced Innovation for Sustainable Development Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph This article explores the complex relationship between environmental regulation, innovation, and sustainable development within the context of an increasingly globalizing economy. The economic development, environment, and employment aspects of sustainable development are emphasized. We contend that the most crucial problem in achieving sustainability is lock-in or path dependency due to (1) the failure to envision, design, and implement policies that achieve co-optimization, or the mutually reinforcing, of social goals, and (2) entrenched economic and political interests that gain from the present system and advancement of its current trends. The article argues that industrial policy, environmental law and policy, and trade initiatives must be ‗opened up‘ by expanding the practice of multi-purpose policy design, and that these policies must be integrated as well. Sustainable development requires stimulating revolutionary technological innovation through environmental, health, safety, economic, and labor market regulation. Greater support for these changes must also be reinforced by ‗opening up the participatory and political space‘ to enable new voices to contribute to integrated thinking and solutions. Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131046 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131045 Rethinking the role of information in chemicals policy: implications for TSCA and REACH Koch, Lars; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131045 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131044 Rethinking the Role of Information in Chemicals Policy: Implications for TSCA and REACH Koch, Lars; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131044 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131043 Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Incorporating Science, Technology, Fairness, and Accountability in Environmental, Health, and Safety Decisions Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131043 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131042 Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Incorporating Science, Technology, Fairness, and Accountability in Environmental, Health, and Safety Decisions Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131042 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131041 Scientific, ethical and legal challenges in work-related genetic testing in the United States Ashford, Nicholas A. Human monitoring in the workplace, sometimes referred to as medical screening, is a collation of practices that focuses on the workers as an indicator that: 1) disease may result on exposure to a toxic substance, radiation, or other traumas (medical surveillance); 2) a toxic substance has been absorbed into the body (biological monitoring); 3) a particular worker may be especially predisposed to disease (genetic screening or other probes of sensitivity); and 4) a pre-clinical disease state exists, indicating that potentially harmful exposure has occurred (genetic monitoring). These monitoring practices, especially when required or carried out by a government agency or the employer, raise serious and complex scientific, legal, and ethical concerns. This article focuses on the practice of “genetic testing” that involves mainly types 3 and 4, i.e., those involving both genetic screening for predisposition to disease, and genetic monitoring for indications of potential harm due to workplace exposure. However, the other two types of monitoring may also be relevant. The article also constructs a philosophic framework for: 1) examining the adequacy of law as an embodiment of ethical values, and sound science, concerning the genetic testing of workers; and 2) identifying possible solutions to the attendant legal and moral dilemmas. In the workplace, the analysis necessarily focuses on three sets of activities involving distinct participants: workers, employers, corporations, physicians – either in-house or under contract – and the government. The sets of activities deserving separate consideration are: 1) requiring the worker to submit to monitoring tests; 2) disseminating the results of the tests; and 3) using the test results. Because the different kinds of monitoring address different stages of the pathway from exposure to disease, and because what is monitored affects different groups of workers differently, specification of exemplar problems and a case-by-case analysis are essential, lest we face useless generalities at the end. Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131041 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131040 Scientific, ethical and legal challenges in work-related genetic testing in the United States Ashford, Nicholas A. Human monitoring in the workplace, sometimes referred to as medical screening, is a collation of practices that focuses on the workers as an indicator that: 1) disease may result on exposure to a toxic substance, radiation, or other traumas (medical surveillance); 2) a toxic substance has been absorbed into the body (biological monitoring); 3) a particular worker may be especially predisposed to disease (genetic screening or other probes of sensitivity); and 4) a pre-clinical disease state exists, indicating that potentially harmful exposure has occurred (genetic monitoring). These monitoring practices, especially when required or carried out by a government agency or the employer, raise serious and complex scientific, legal, and ethical concerns. This article focuses on the practice of “genetic testing” that involves mainly types 3 and 4, i.e., those involving both genetic screening for predisposition to disease, and genetic monitoring for indications of potential harm due to workplace exposure. However, the other two types of monitoring may also be relevant. The article also constructs a philosophic framework for: 1) examining the adequacy of law as an embodiment of ethical values, and sound science, concerning the genetic testing of workers; and 2) identifying possible solutions to the attendant legal and moral dilemmas. In the workplace, the analysis necessarily focuses on three sets of activities involving distinct participants: workers, employers, corporations, physicians – either in-house or under contract – and the government. The sets of activities deserving separate consideration are: 1) requiring the worker to submit to monitoring tests; 2) disseminating the results of the tests; and 3) using the test results. Because the different kinds of monitoring address different stages of the pathway from exposure to disease, and because what is monitored affects different groups of workers differently, specification of exemplar problems and a case-by-case analysis are essential, lest we face useless generalities at the end. Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131040 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131039 THE CRISIS IN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL CANCER POLICY Epstein, Samuel S.; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Blackwelder, Brent; Castleman, Barry; Cohen, Gary; Goldsmith, Edward; Mazzocchi, Anthony; Young, Quentin The incidence of cancer in the United States and other major industrialized nations has escalated to epidemic proportions over recent decades, and greater increases are expected. While smoking is the single largest cause of cancer, the incidence of childhood cancers and a wide range of predominantly nonsmoking- related cancers in men and women has increased greatly. This modern epidemic does not reflect lack of resources of the U.S. cancer establishment, the National Cancer Institute and American Cancer Society; the NCI budget has increased 20-fold since passage of the 1971 National Cancer Act, while funding for research and public information on primary prevention remains minimal. The cancer establishment bears major responsibility for the cancer epidemic, due to its overwhelming fixation on damage control—screening, diagnosis, treatment, and related molecular research— and indifference to preventing a wide range of avoidable causes of cancer, other than faulty lifestyle, particularly smoking. This mindset is based on a discredited 1981 report by a prominent pro-industry epidemiologist, guesstimating that environmental and occupational exposures were responsible for only 5 percent of cancer mortality, even though a prior chemical industry report admitted that 20 percent was occupational in origin. This report still dominates public policy, despite overwhelming contrary scientific evidence on avoidable causes of cancer from involuntary exposures to a wide range of environmental carcinogens. Since 1998, the ACS has been planning to gain control of national cancer policy, now under federal authority. These plans, developed behind closed doors and under conditions of nontransparency, with recent well-intentioned but mistaken bipartisan Congressional support, pose a major and poorly reversible threat to cancer prevention and to winning the losing war against cancer. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131039 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131038 The Crisis in U.S. and International Cancer Policy Epstein, Samuel S.; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Blackwelder, Brent; Castleman, Barry; Cohen, Gary; Goldsmith, Edward; Anthony, Mazzocchi; Young, Quentin The incidence of cancer in the United States and other major industrialized nations has escalated to epidemic proportions over recent decades, and greater increases are expected. While smoking is the single largest cause of cancer, the incidence of childhood cancers and a wide range of predominantly nonsmoking- related cancers in men and women has increased greatly. This modern epidemic does not reflect lack of resources of the U.S. cancer establishment, the National Cancer Institute and American Cancer Society; the NCI budget has increased 20-fold since passage of the 1971 National Cancer Act, while funding for research and public information on primary prevention remains minimal. The cancer establishment bears major responsibility for the cancer epidemic, due to its overwhelming fixation on damage control—screening, diagnosis, treatment, and related molecular research— and indifference to preventing a wide range of avoidable causes of cancer, other than faulty lifestyle, particularly smoking. This mindset is based on a discredited 1981 report by a prominent pro-industry epidemiologist, guesstimating that environmental and occupational exposures were responsible for only 5 percent of cancer mortality, even though a prior chemical industry report admitted that 20 percent was occupational in origin. This report still dominates public policy, despite overwhelming contrary scientific evidence on avoidable causes of cancer from involuntary exposures to a wide range of environmental carcinogens. Since 1998, the ACS has been planning to gain control of national cancer policy, now under federal authority. These plans, developed behind closed doors and under conditions of nontransparency, with recent well-intentioned but mistaken bipartisan Congressional support, pose a major and poorly reversible threat to cancer prevention and to winning the losing war against cancer. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131038 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131037 Law and Science Policy in Federal Regulation of Formaldehyde Ashford, Nicholas A.; Ryan, William C.; Caldart, Charles C. Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131037 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131036 Law and Science Policy in Federal Regulation of Formaldehyde Ashford, Nicholas A.; Ryan, William C.; Caldart, Charles C. Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131036 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131035 Inherently Safer Production, A Natural Complement to Cleaner Production Zwetsloot, Gerard; Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131035 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131034 Pathways to Sustainable Industrial Transformations: Cooptimizing Competitiveness, Employment, and Environment Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hafkamp, Wim; Frits, Prakke; Vergragt, Philip Sat, 30 Jun 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131034 2001-06-30T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131033 Pathways to Sustainable Industrial Transformations: Cooptimizing Competitiveness, Employment, and Environment Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hafkamp, Wim; Frits, Prakke; Philip, Vergragt Sat, 30 Jun 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131033 2001-06-30T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131032 Implementing A Precautionary Approach In Decisions Affecting Health, Safety, And The Environment: Risk, Technology Alternatives, And Tradeoff Analysis Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131032 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131031 Implementing A Precautionary Approach In Decisions Affecting Health, Safety, And The Environment: Risk, Technology Alternatives, And Tradeoff Analysis Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131031 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131030 Government And Innovation in Europe And North America Ashford, Nicholas A. This article challenges certain tenets of the theories of reflexive law and ecological modernization. While far-sighted prevention-oriented and structural changes are needed, some proponents of these theories argue that the very industries and firms that create environmental problems can, through continuous institutional learning; the application of life cycle analysis; dialogue and networks with stakeholders; and implementation of "environmental management systems," be transformed into sustainable industries and firms. While useful, these reforms are insufficient. It is not marginal or incremental changes that are needed for sustainability, but rather major product, process, and system transformations – often beyond the capacity of the dominant industries and firms. This article also questions the alleged failure of regulation to stimulate needed technological changes, and identifies the conditions under which innovation for sustainability can occur. Finally, it discusses differences in needed policies for industrialized and developing countries. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131030 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131029 Government and Innovation in Europe and North America Ashford, Nicholas A. This article challenges certain tenets of the theories of reflexive law and ecological modernization. While far-sighted prevention-oriented and structural changes are needed, some proponents of these theories argue that the very industries and firms that create environmental problems can, through continuous institutional learning; the application of life cycle analysis; dialogue and networks with stakeholders; and implementation of "environmental management systems," be transformed into sustainable industries and firms. While useful, these reforms are insufficient. It is not marginal or incremental changes that are needed for sustainability, but rather major product, process, and system transformations – often beyond the capacity of the dominant industries and firms. This article also questions the alleged failure of regulation to stimulate needed technological changes, and identifies the conditions under which innovation for sustainability can occur. Finally, it discusses differences in needed policies for industrialized and developing countries. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131029 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130924 Negotiated environmental and occupational health and safety agreements in the United States: lessons for policy Ashford, Nicholas A.; Caldart, Charles C. The interest in so-called voluntary approaches to supplement or replace formal environmental, or occupational health and safety regulation has taken on new importance in both Europe and the United States. These approaches fall into two sharp divisions: (1) industry-initiated codes of good practice focusing on environmental management systems or performance goals, and (2) negotiated agreements between government and individual firms or industry sector trade associations focusing on regulation or compliance. This paper addresses the latter. In the United States, the motivations behind negotiated agreements are manifold and sometimes contradictory including desires (1) to facilitate the achievement of legislated or mandatory environmental goals by introducing flexibility and cost-effective compliance measures, (2) to negotiate levels of compliance (standards) fulfilling legislative mandates, (3) to negotiate legal definitions of Best Available Technology and other technology-based requirements, and (4) to weaken environmental initiatives. Efforts in furtherance of negotiated agreements have thus been greeted with mixed results by the various stakeholders. In the context of an anti-regulatory climate in the United States, the Administrative Procedures Act has been amended to allow “negotiated rulemaking” in achieving regulatory agency mandates. However, even before this legal innovation, regulatory agencies have been negotiating regulations. Independent of this legal avenue, negotiated compliance with industry associations is being fostered through the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) “Commonsense Initiative” and with individual firms through “EPA's Project XL”, again with mixed reception. The proposed paper describes and analyses negotiated agreements in the United States in the context of (1) EPA efforts to ensure environmental protection and (2) the Occupational Safety and Health Administration efforts to ensure worker health and safety. These agreements can be described according to the following taxonomy: (a) Negotiated regulation (either preceding formal regulation or as a substitute for formal regulation); (b) Negotiated compliance (implementing regulation or informal agreements) (i) the means and timetable for coming into compliance with emission, effluent, or concentration requirements (ii) negotiation in the context of an enforcement action in which the firm is out of legal compliance (for example, encouraging cleaner production through the leveraging of penalty reductions). The criteria for evaluation include: environmental or health and safety outcomes, effects on stimulating technological change, time for development (time to completion)/implementation (likelihood of court challenge), stakeholder influence (ability of large firms to dominate outcome, environmentalists–industry, or labour–management balance of power),and administrative features. Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130924 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130923 Negotiated environmental and occupational health and safety agreements in the United States: lessons for policy Ashford, Nicholas A.; Caldart, Charles C. The interest in so-called voluntary approaches to supplement or replace formal environmental, or occupational health and safety regulation has taken on new importance in both Europe and the United States. These approaches fall into two sharp divisions: (1) industry-initiated codes of good practice focusing on environmental management systems or performance goals, and (2) negotiated agreements between government and individual firms or industry sector trade associations focusing on regulation or compliance. This paper addresses the latter. In the United States, the motivations behind negotiated agreements are manifold and sometimes contradictory including desires (1) to facilitate the achievement of legislated or mandatory environmental goals by introducing flexibility and cost-effective compliance measures, (2) to negotiate levels of compliance (standards) fulfilling legislative mandates, (3) to negotiate legal definitions of Best Available Technology and other technology-based requirements, and (4) to weaken environmental initiatives. Efforts in furtherance of negotiated agreements have thus been greeted with mixed results by the various stakeholders. In the context of an anti-regulatory climate in the United States, the Administrative Procedures Act has been amended to allow “negotiated rulemaking” in achieving regulatory agency mandates. However, even before this legal innovation, regulatory agencies have been negotiating regulations. Independent of this legal avenue, negotiated compliance with industry associations is being fostered through the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) “Commonsense Initiative” and with individual firms through “EPA's Project XL”, again with mixed reception. The proposed paper describes and analyses negotiated agreements in the United States in the context of (1) EPA efforts to ensure environmental protection and (2) the Occupational Safety and Health Administration efforts to ensure worker health and safety. These agreements can be described according to the following taxonomy: (a) Negotiated regulation (either preceding formal regulation or as a substitute for formal regulation); (b) Negotiated compliance (implementing regulation or informal agreements) (i) the means and timetable for coming into compliance with emission, effluent, or concentration requirements (ii) negotiation in the context of an enforcement action in which the firm is out of legal compliance (for example, encouraging cleaner production through the leveraging of penalty reductions). The criteria for evaluation include: environmental or health and safety outcomes, effects on stimulating technological change, time for development (time to completion)/implementation (likelihood of court challenge), stakeholder influence (ability of large firms to dominate outcome, environmentalists–industry, or labour–management balance of power),and administrative features. Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130923 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130922 Porter Debate Stuck in 1970's Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130922 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130921 Porter Debate Stuck in 1970's Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130921 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130920 Compliance costs: the neglected issue of technological innovation Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130920 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130919 Encouraging Inherently Safer Production in European Firms: A Report from the Field Ashford, Nicholas A.; Zwetsloot, Gerard It is now generally recognized that in order to make significant advances in accident prevention, the focus of industrial firms must shift from assessing the risks of existing production and manufacturing systems to discovering technological alternatives, i.e. from the identification of problems to the identification of solutions. Encouraging the industrial firm to perform (1) an inherent safety opportunity audit (ISOA) to identify where inherently safer technology is needed, and (2) a technology options analysis (TOA) and to identify specific inherently safer options will advance the adoption of primary prevention strategies that will alter production systems so that there are less inherent safety risks. Experience gained from a methodology to encourage inherently safer production in industrial firms in the Netherlands and Greece is discussed. Successful approaches require both technological and managerial changes. Firms must have the willingness, opportunity, and the capability to change. Implications for the EU Seveso, IPPC, and EMAS Directives are also discussed. Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130919 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130918 Encouraging Inherently Safer Production in European Firms: A Report from the Field Ashford, Nicholas A.; Zwetsloot, Gerard It is now generally recognized that in order to make significant advances in accident prevention, the focus of industrial firms must shift from assessing the risks of existing production and manufacturing systems to discovering technological alternatives, i.e. from the identification of problems to the identification of solutions. Encouraging the industrial firm to perform (1) an inherent safety opportunity audit (ISOA) to identify where inherently safer technology is needed, and (2) a technology options analysis (TOA) and to identify specific inherently safer options will advance the adoption of primary prevention strategies that will alter production systems so that there are less inherent safety risks. Experience gained from a methodology to encourage inherently safer production in industrial firms in the Netherlands and Greece is discussed. Successful approaches require both technological and managerial changes. Firms must have the willingness, opportunity, and the capability to change. Implications for the EU Seveso, IPPC, and EMAS Directives are also discussed. Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130918 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130917 Low-level chemical sensitivity: implications for research and social policy Ashford, Nicholas A. There is increasing evidence that human exposure to levels of chemicals once thought to be safe--or presenting insignificant risk--are, in fact, harmful. So-called low-level exposures are now known to be associated with adverse biological effects including cancer, endocrine disruption, and chemical sensitivity. This requires that we change both (1) the way we design research linking chemicals and health, and (2) the solutions we devise to address chemically caused injury. The new and emerging science of low-level exposure to chemicals requires appropriate social policy responses which include regulation of toxic substances, notification of those exposed, and compensation and reasonable accommodation to those affected. Research and social policy need to be focused towards two distinct groups: (1) those individuals who could become chemically intolerant as a result of an initiating exposure, and (2) those individuals who have already become chemically intolerant and are now sensitive to chemicals at low levels. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130917 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130916 Social and Policy Implications of Low-Level Exposures to Chemicals Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130916 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130915 Social and Policy Implications of Low-Level Exposures to Chemicals Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130915 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130914 The Economic and Social Context of Special Populations Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130914 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130913 The Economic and Social Context of Special Populations Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130913 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130912 Negotiations as a means of developing and implementing environmental and occupational health and safety policy Caldart, Charles; Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130912 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130911 Negotiations as a means of developing and implementing environmental and occupational health and safety policy Caldart, Charles; Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130911 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130910 Low-Level Exposures to Chemicals Challenge Both Science and Regulatory Policy Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Thu, 01 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130910 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130892 Policies for the Promotion of Inherent Safety Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130892 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130891 Industrial safety: the neglected issue in industrial ecology Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130891 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130890 Low-level Chemical Sensitivity: Current Perspectives Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130890 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130889 Low-level chemical sensitivity: current perspectives Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130889 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130888 Monitoring the Worker and the Community for Chemical Exposure and Disease: Legal and Ethical Considerations in the United States Ashford, Nicholas A. Biomonitoring of workers and communities raises important legal and ethical concerns, but the two contexts are different. Monitoring workers is usually done by, or at the instigation of, the employer who in law is responsible for their health and safety. Whenever worker monitoring leads to the removal of workers, difficult issues emerge affecting labor-management relations, labor law and discrimination law. Resulting legal and ethical questions are usually framed within the context of the employment contract or labor relationship. In contrast, public health or environmental officials may be the driving force behind biomonitoring of the community. No employer-employee relationship exists, and the doctor-patient relationship may be tenuous. The community may often initiate the request for biomonitoring, but the situation is no less contentious. On the basis of an historical view of monitoring events within the U.S. context, mechanisms are suggested that would promote positive interactions between employers and workers, and between individuals and groups in the monitoring of chemically contaminated communities. These suggestions should have relevance to experience in other countries. Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130888 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130887 Monitoring the Worker and the Community for Chemical Exposure and Disease: Legal and Ethical Considerations in the United States Ashford, Nicholas A. Biomonitoring of workers and communities raises important legal and ethical concerns, but the two contexts are different. Monitoring workers is usually done by, or at the instigation of, the employer who in law is responsible for their health and safety. Whenever worker monitoring leads to the removal of workers, difficult issues emerge affecting labor-management relations, labor law and discrimination law. Resulting legal and ethical questions are usually framed within the context of the employment contract or labor relationship. In contrast, public health or environmental officials may be the driving force behind biomonitoring of the community. No employer-employee relationship exists, and the doctor-patient relationship may be tenuous. The community may often initiate the request for biomonitoring, but the situation is no less contentious. On the basis of an historical view of monitoring events within the U.S. context, mechanisms are suggested that would promote positive interactions between employers and workers, and between individuals and groups in the monitoring of chemically contaminated communities. These suggestions should have relevance to experience in other countries. Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130887 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130886 Chemical Sensitivity: Perspectives from North America and Europe Miller, Claudia S.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Proceedings of the Conference on Healthy Buildings 1995: An International Conference on Healthy Buildings in Mild Climates. Milan, September 11-14. Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130886 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130885 Exploiting Opportunities for Pollution Prevention in EPA Enforcement Agreements Becker, Monica; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130885 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130884 Exploiting Opportunities for Pollution Prevention in EPA Enforcement Agreements Becker, Monica; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130884 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130882 Government Strategies and Policies for Cleaner Production Ashford, Nicholas A.; Clarke, Robin; Aloisi de Larderel, Jacqueline; Oldenburg, Kirsten; de Hoo, Sybren; Kryger, John Sat, 01 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130882 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130881 Government Strategies and Policies for Cleaner Production Ashford, Nicholas A.; Clarke, Robin; Aloisi de Larderel, Jacqueline; Oldenburg, Kirsten; de Hoo, Sybren; Kryger, John Sat, 01 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130881 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130880 Monitoring the Worker and the Community Exposure and Disease: Legal and Ethical Considerations in the United States Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 01 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130880 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130879 Monitoring the Worker and the Community Exposure and Disease: Legal and Ethical Considerations in the United States Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 01 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130879 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130878 Chemical Sensitivity: An Emerging Public Health and Environmental Problem Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Sat, 01 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130878 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130877 The Encouragement of Technological Change for Preventing Chemical Accidents: Moving Firms from Secondary Prevention and Mitigation to Primary Prevention Ashford, Nicholas A.; Gobbell, James; Lachman, Judith; Matthiesen, Mary; Minzner, Ann; Stone, Robert Fri, 01 Jan 1993 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130877 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130876 The Encouragement of Technological Change for Preventing Chemical Accidents: Moving Firms from Secondary Prevention and Mitigation to Primary Prevention Ashford, Nicholas A.; Gobbell, James V.; Lachman, Judith; Matthiesen, Mary; Minzner, Ann; Stone, Robert Fri, 01 Jan 1993 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130876 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130875 Science and Values in the Regulatory Process Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1988 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130875 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130874 Regulation and Technological Options: The Case of Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde Rest, Kathleen; Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1988 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130874 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130873 Changes and Opportunities in the Environment for Technology Bargaining Ashford, Nicholas A.; Ayers, Christine Thu, 01 Jan 1987 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130873 1987-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130872 Changes and Opportunities in the Environment for Technology Bargaining Ashford, Nicholas A.; Ayers, Christine Thu, 01 Jan 1987 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130872 1987-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130871 Using Regulation to change the Market for Innovation Ashford, Nicholas A.; Ayers, Christine; Stone, Robert Tue, 01 Jan 1985 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130871 1985-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130870 Using Regulation to change the Market for Innovation Ashford, Nicholas A.; Ayers, Christine; Stone, Robert Tue, 01 Jan 1985 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130870 1985-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130652 A Hard Look at Federal Regulation of Formaldehyde: A Departure from Reasoned Decision-Making Ashford, Nicholas A.; William, Ryan; Caldart, Charles C. Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130652 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130651 A Hard Look at Federal Regulation of Formaldehyde: A Departure from Reasoned Decision-Making Ashford, Nicholas A.; C. William, Ryan; Charles, Caldart Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130651 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130650 A Framework for Examining the Effects of Industrial Funding on Academic Freedom and the Integrity of the University Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130650 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130649 Alternatives to Cost-Benefit Analysis in Regulatory Decisions Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 1981 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130649 1981-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130648 Alternatives to Cost-Benefit Analysis in Regulatory Decisions Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 1981 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130648 1981-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130647 Government Influence on the Process of Innovation in Europe and Japan Allen, Thomas; Utterback, James; Sirbu, Marvin; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hollomon, Herbert Sun, 01 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130647 1978-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130646 Unsafe Working Conditions: Employee Rights Under LMRA and OSHA Ashford, Nicholas A.; Katz, Judith I. Sat, 01 Jan 1977 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130646 1977-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130645 Unsafe Working Conditions: Employee Rights Under LMRA and OSHA Ashford, Nicholas A.; Katz, Judith I. Sat, 01 Jan 1977 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130645 1977-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130643 The Control of Reproductive Hazards in the Workplace: A Prescription for Prevention Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130643 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130642 The Control of Reproductive Hazards in the Workplace: A Prescription for Prevention Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130642 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130641 Environmental Protection Laws Ashford, Nicholas A.; Caldart, Charles C. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130641 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130640 Reducing Physical Hazards: Encouraging Inherently Safer Production Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130640 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130639 Reflections on Environmental Liability Schemes in the United States and the European Union: Limitations and Prospects for Improvement Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130639 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130638 Reflections on Environmental Liability Schemes in the United States and the European Union: Limitations and Prospects for Improvement Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130638 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130637 The Legacy of the Precautionary Principle in U.S. Law: The Rise of Cost-Benefit Analysis and Risk Assessment as Undermining Factors in Health, Safety, and Environmental Protections Ashford, Nicholas A. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130637 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130636 The Legacy of the Precautionary Principle in U.S. Law: The Rise of Cost-Benefit Analysis and Risk Assessment as Undermining Factors in Health, Safety, and Environmental Protections Ashford, Nicholas A. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130636 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130635 Multiple Chemical Intolerance and Indoor Air Quality Miller, Claudia S.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130635 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130634 Multiple Chemical Intolerance and Indoor Air Quality Miller, Claudia S.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130634 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130633 De-[Constructing] Growth Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 05 Nov 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130633 2016-11-05T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130629 Universal basic income and inclusive capitalism: consequences for sustainability Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Arango-Quiroga, Johan; Ashford, Robert Over the past forty years, income growth for the middle and lower classes has stagnated, while the economy (and with it, economic inequality) has grown significantly. Early automation, the decline of labor unions, changes in corporate taxation, the financialization and globalization of the economy, deindustrialization in the U.S. and many OECD countries, and trade have contributed to these trends. However, the transformative roles of more recent automation and digital technologies/artificial intelligence (AI) are now considered by many as additional and potentially more potent forces undermining the ability of workers to maintain their foothold in the economy. These drivers of change are intensifying the extent to which advancing technology imbedded in increasingly productive real capital is driving productivity. To compound the problem, many solutions presented by industrialized nations to environmental problems rely on hyper-efficient technologies, which if fully implemented, could further advance the displacement of well-paid job opportunities for many. While there are numerous ways to address economic inequality, there is growing interest in using some form of universal basic income (UBI) to enhance income and provide economic stability. However, these approaches rarely consider the potential environmental impact from the likely increase in aggregate demand for goods and services or consider ways to focus this demand on more sustainable forms of consumption. Based on the premise that the problems of income distribution and environmental sustainability must be addressed in an integrated and holistic way, this paper considers how a range of approaches to financing a UBI system, and a complementary market solution based on an ownership-broadening approach to inclusive capitalism, might advance or undermine strategies to improve environmental sustainability. Mon, 19 Aug 2019 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130629 2019-08-19T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130627 REDUCING PHYSICAL HAZARDS: ENCOURAGING INHERENTLY SAFER PRODUCTION Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130627 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130626 De-[Constructing] Growth: Decoupling Profits from Unsustainable Production Ashford, Nicholas A. De-[Constructing] Growth” is offered as a more nuanced conceptualization that avoids the negative connotations of, and resistance to, “degrowth” by decoupling profit from unsustainable consumption, production, and inequality. Thu, 12 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130626 2017-01-12T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130625 Addressing Inequality: The First Step Beyond COVID-19 and Towards Sustainability Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph; Arango-Quiroga, Johan; Metaxas, Kyriakos; Showalter, Amy The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted billions of lives across the world and has revealed and worsened the social and economic inequalities that have emerged over the past several decades. As governments consider public health and economic strategies to respond to the crisis, it is critical they also address the weaknesses of their economic and social systems that inhibited their ability to respond comprehensively to the pandemic. These same weaknesses have also undermined efforts to advance equality and sustainability. This paper explores over 30 interventions across the following nine categories of change that hold the potential to address inequality, provide all citizens with access to essential goods and services, and advance progress towards sustainability: (1) Income and wealth transfers to facilitate an equitable increase in purchasing power/disposable income; (2) broadening worker and citizen ownership of the means of production and supply of services, allowing corporate profit-taking to be more equitably distributed; (3) changes in the supply of essential goods and services for more citizens; (4) changes in the demand for more sustainable goods and services desired by people; (5) stabilizing and securing employment and the workforce; (6) reducing the disproportionate power of corporations and the very wealthy on the market and political system through the expansion and enforcement of antitrust law such that the dominance of a few firms in critical sectors no longer prevails; (7) government provision of essential goods and services such as education, healthcare, housing, food, and mobility; (8) a reallocation of government spending between military operations and domestic social needs; and (9) suspending or restructuring debt from emerging and developing countries. Any interventions that focus on growing the economy must also be accompanied by those that offset the resulting compromises to health, safety, and the environment from increasing unsustainable consumption. This paper compares and identifies the interventions that should be considered as an important foundational first step in moving beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and towards sustainability. In this regard, it provides a comprehensive set of strategies that could advance progress towards a component of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 10 to reduce inequality within countries. However, the candidate interventions are also contrasted with all 17 SDGs to reveal potential problem areas/tradeoffs that may need careful attention. Fri, 03 Jul 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130625 2020-07-03T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130623 The Fight Against Misinformation Isn’t Just on Facebook Ashford, Nicholas A. Mon, 29 Mar 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130623 2021-03-29T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127992 Los sonidos y colores del poder: la metalurgia sagrada del occidente de Mexico Hosler, Dorothy Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127992 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127666 Creating Ethical Engineers Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127666 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127659 Covid-19 Could Be an Opportunity to Combat Inequality Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 04 Aug 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127659 2020-08-04T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124822 FastICA Gavert, Hugo; Hurri, Jarmo; Sarela, Jaakko; Hyvarinen, Aapo Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124822 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124821 Parametric Texture Model Portilla, Javier; Simoncelli, Eero See J Portilla and E P Simoncelli. A Parametric Texture Model based on Joint Statistics of Complex Wavelet Coefficients. Int'l Journal of Computer Vision. 40(1):49-71, October, 2000. Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124821 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124820 MATLAB Pyramid Toolbox Simoncelli, Eero Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124820 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124819 Texture Tiling Model Rosenholtz, Ruth MATLAB software that implements the Texture Tiling Model, a model of human peripheral vision. The model takes as input an image, fixation, and fovea size, and outputs one or more visualizations of the information available in human peripheral vision. Wed, 22 Apr 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124819 2020-04-22T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123796 Example outputs of the Texture Tiling Model ("mongrels") Rosenholtz, Ruth; Yu, Dian; Keshvari, Shaiyan Our Texture Tiling Model takes a stimulus and fixation as the input, and outputs visualizations of the information available in peripheral vision, according to the model. We call these output images "mongrels". Each input image and fixation corresponds to a number such mongrels. Details that are clear in the mongrels are predicted to be readily available in peripheral vision, and details that are not consistently clear in the mongrels are predicted to be lost or less readily available. This set are additional examples to supplement those shown in our review paper: Ruth Rosenholtz, Dian Yu, Shaiyan Keshvari; Challenges to pooling models of crowding: Implications for visual mechanisms. Journal of Vision 2019;19(7):15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1167/19.7.15. Mon, 01 Jul 2019 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123796 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123693 Bridge Leadership website text Williams, Clarence G. Fri, 11 Sep 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123693 2009-09-11T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123691 First National Conference on Issues Facing Black Administrators at Predominantly White Colleges and Universities Association of Black Administrators MIT conference committee Fri, 01 Jan 1982 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123691 1982-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121590 Professor Nicholas Ashford Interview at the ILO Conference on the Future of Work 8-10 July 2019 Geneva Nicholas, Ashford Wed, 10 Jul 2019 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121590 2019-07-10T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120973 Time-scale separation based design of biomolecular feedback controllers (extended version) Grunberg, Theodore W.; Del Vecchio, Domitilla Time-scale separation is a powerful property that can be used to simplify control systems design. In this work, we consider the problem of designing biomolecular feedback controllers that provide tracking of slowly varying references and rejection of slowly varying disturbances for nonlinear systems. We propose a design methodology that uses time-scale separation to accommodate physical constraints on the implementation of integral control in cellular systems. The main result of this paper gives sufficient conditions under which controllers designed using our time-scale separation methodology have desired asymptotic performance when the reference and disturbance are constant or slowly varying. Our analysis is based on construction of Lyapunov functions for a class of singularly perturbed systems that are dependent on an additional parameter that perturbs the system regularly. When the exogenous inputs are slowly varying, this approach allows us to bound the system trajectories by a function of the regularly perturbing parameter. This bound decays to zero as the parameter's value increases, while an inner-estimate of the region of attraction stays unchanged as this parameter is varied. These results cannot be derived using standard singular perturbation results. We apply our results to an application demonstrating a physically realizable parameter tuning that controls performance. Thu, 14 Mar 2019 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120973 2019-03-14T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118380 The Number of Equilibrium Points of Perturbed Nonlinear Positive Dynamical Systems (Extended Version) McBride, Cameron; Del Vecchio, Domitilla The number of equilibrium points of a dynamical system dictates important qualitative properties such as the ability of the system to store different memory states, and may be significantly affected by state-dependent perturbations. In this paper, we develop a methodology based on tools from degree theory to determine whether the number of equilibrium points in a positive dynamical system changes due to structured state-dependent perturbations. Positive dynamical systems are particularly well suited to describe biological systems where the states are always positive. We prove two main theorems that utilize the determinant of the system's Jacobian to find algebraic conditions on the parameters determining whether the number of equilibrium points is guaranteed either to change or to remain the same when a nominal system is compared to its perturbed counterpart. We demonstrate the application of the theoretical results to genetic circuits where state-dependent perturbations arise due to fluctuations in cellular resources. These fluctuations constitute a major problem for predicting the behavior of genetic circuits. Our results allow us to determine whether such fluctuations change the genetic circuit's intended number of steady states. Fri, 26 Jul 2019 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118380 2019-07-26T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118144 Genetic Circuit-Host Ribosome Transactions: Diffusion-Reaction Model Barajas, Carlos; Del Vecchio, Domitilla Deterministic models of bacterial genetic circuits commonly assume a well-mixed ensemble of species. This assumption results in ordinary differential equations (ODEs) describing the rate of change of the mean species concentration. It is however well known that species are non-homogenously distributed within a bacterial cell, where genes on the chromosome are found mostly at the center of the cell while synthetic genes residing on plasmids are often found at the poles. Most importantly, ribosomes, the key gene expression resource, are also arranged according to a non-homogenous profile. Therefore, when analyzing the effects of sharing gene expression resources, such as ribosomes, among synthetic genetic circuits and chromosomal genes, it may be important to consider the effects of spatial heterogeneity of the relevant species. In this paper, we use a partial differential equation (PDE) model to capture the spatial heterogeneity of species concentration. Solutions to the model are gathered numerically and approximations are derived via perturbation analysis in the limit of fast diffusion. The solutions are compared to those of the conventional ``well-mixed'' ODE model. The fast-diffusion approximation predicts higher protein production rates for all mRNAs in the cell and in some cases, these rates are more sensitive to the activation of synthetic genes relative to the well-mixed model. This trend is confirmed numerically using common biological parameters to simulate the full PDE system. Tue, 18 Sep 2018 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118144 2018-09-18T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117079 Achieving Global Climate and Environmental Goals by Governmental Regulatory Targeting Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, R.P. Strategic niche management and transition management have been promoted as useful avenues to pursue in order to achieve both specific product or process changes and system transformation by focusing on technology development through evolutionary and co-evolutionary processes, guided by government and relevant stakeholders. However, these processes are acknowledged to require decades to achieve their intended changes, a timeframe that is too long to adequately address many of the environmental and social issues many industrialized and industrializing nations are facing. An approach that involves incumbents and does not consider targets that look beyond reasonably foreseeable technology is likely to advance a model where incumbents evolve rather than being replaced or displaced. On the other hand, approaches that focus on creating new entrants could nurture niche development or deployment of disruptive technologies, but those technologies may only be marginally better than the technologies they replace. Either approach may take a long time to achieve their goals. Sustainable development requires both radical disruptive technological and institutional changes, the latter including stringent regulation, the integration of disparate goals, and changes in incentives to enable new voices to contribute to new systems and solutions. This paper outlines options for a strong governmental role in setting future sustainability goals and the pathways for achieving them. Mon, 08 Jan 2018 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117079 2018-01-08T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116996 The Aesthetics of the Internet – Context as a Medium Ito, Joichi The Internet connects computers, people, sensors, vehicles, telephones, and just about anything together in a global network which is fast and cheap. This interconnectedness is the context. Context represents the way and the timing in which nodes are connected together. If content were the noun part of information, then context would be the verb part. Thu, 19 Jun 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116996 1997-06-19T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116995 Interventions over Predictions: Reframing the Ethical Debate for Actuarial Risk Assessment Barabas, Chelsea; Dinakar, Karthik; Ito, Joichi; Virza, Madars; Zittrain, Jonathan L. Actuarial risk assessments might be unduly perceived as a neutral way to counteract implicit bias and increase the fairness of decisions made at almost every juncture of the criminal justice system, from pretrial release to sentencing, parole and probation. In recent times these assessments have come under increased scrutiny, as critics claim that the statistical techniques underlying them might reproduce existing patterns of discrimination and historical biases that are re ected in the data. Much of this debate is centered around competing notions of fairness and predictive accuracy, resting on the contested use of variables that act as "proxies" for characteristics legally protected against discrimination, such as race and gender. We argue that a core ethical debate surrounding the use of regression in risk assessments is not simply one of bias or accuracy. Rather, it's one of purpose. If machine learning is operationalized merely in the service of predicting individual future crime, then it becomes difficult to break cycles of criminalization that are driven by the iatrogenic effects of the criminal justice system itself. We posit that machine learning should not be used for prediction, but rather to surface covariates that are fed into a causal model for understanding the social, structural and psychological drivers of crime. We propose an alternative application of machine learning and causal inference away from predicting risk scores to risk mitigation. Part of the Humanizing AI in LAW (HAL) project. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116995 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116994 Emergent Democracy Ito, Joichi This essay argues that a new form of democracy — an “Emergent Democracy” — will develop as a result of the use of Internet communication tools and platforms such as blogs. The essay explores a variety of tools available and explores the history of democracy, modern experiments with democracy and how these tools might support democracy. The essay also explores concerns as these new tools emerge. These issues include concerns such as privacy and the societally negative use of these tools by corporations, totalitarian regimes and terrorists. Version 3.2. Originally published on blog and wiki and then as a chapter in the book, Extreme Democracy. This version edited by Jon Lebkowsky. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116994 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116989 The Practice of Change Ito, Joichi Over the last century civilization has systematically supported a market based approach to developing technical, financial, social and legal tools that focus on efficiency, growth and productivity. In this manner we have achieved considerable progress on some of the most pressing humanitarian challenges, such as eradicating infectious diseases and making life easier and more convenient. However, we have often put our tools and methods to use with little regard to their systemic or long-term effects, and have thereby created a set of new, interconnected, and more complex problems. Our new problems require new approaches: new understanding, solution design and intervention. Yet we continue to try to solve these new problems with the same tools that caused them. Therefore in my dissertation I ask: How can we understand and effectively intervene in interconnected complex adaptive systems? In particular, my thesis presents through theory and practice the following contributions to addressing these problems: 1. A post-Internet framework for understanding and intervening in complex adaptive systems. Drawing on systems dynamics, evolutionary dynamics and theory of change based on causal networks, I describe a way to understand and suggest ways to intervene in complex systems. I argue that an anti-disciplinary approach and paradigm shifts are required to achieve the outcomes we desire. 2. Learnings from the creation and management of post-Internet organizations that can be applied to designing and deploying interventions. I propose an architecture of layers of interoperability to unbundle complex, inflexible, and monolithic systems and increase competition, cooperation, generativity, and flexibility. I argue that the Internet is the best example of this architecture and that the Internet has provided an opportunity to deploy this architecture in other domains. I demonstrate how the Internet has has made the world more complex but through lowering the cost of communication and collaboration has enabled new forms of organization and production. This has changed the nature of our interventions. 3. How and why we must change the values of society from one based on the measurement of financial value to flourishing and robustness. The paradigm determines what we measure and generates the values and the goals of a system. Measuring value financially has created a competitive market-based system that has provided many societal benefits but has produced complex problems not solvable through competitive market-based solutions. In order to address these challenges, we must shift the paradigm across our systems to focus on a more complex measure of flourishing and robustness. In order to transcend our current economic paradigm, the transformation will require a movement that includes arts and culture to transform strongly held beliefs. I propose a framework of values based on the pursuit of flourishing and a method for transforming ourselves. Reflecting on my work experience, I examine my successes and failures in the form of learnings and insights. I discuss what questions are outstanding and conclude with a call to action with a theory of change; we need to bring about a fundamental normative shift in society through communities, away from the pursuit of growth for growth’s sake and towards a sustainable sensibility of flourishing that can draw on both the historical examples and the sensibilities of some modern indigenous cultures, as well as new values emerging from theoretical and practical progress in science. PhD dissertation submitted to Keio University Graduate School of Media & Governance Sun, 01 Jul 2018 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116989 2018-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116848 Compliance Costs: The Neglected Issue of Technological Innovation Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116848 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116847 Worker Compensation for Radiation-Induced Illness: A Re-examination of Past Practices and Options for Change, A Report to the Department of Energy Ashford, Nicholas A.; Caldart, C.; Hattis, D.; Stone, R. Mon, 01 Jul 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116847 1996-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116846 Evaluation of the Relevance for Worker Health and Safety of Existing Environmental Technology Data-bases for Cleaner and Inherently Safer Technologies: A Report to the European Commission Ashford, Nicholas A.; Banoutsos, I.; Christiansen, K.; Hummelmose, B.; Stratikopoulos, D. Mon, 01 Apr 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116846 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116845 The Role of Insurance and Financial Responsibility Requirements in Preventing and Compensating Damage from Environmental Risks Ashford, Nicholas A.; Moran, S.; Stone, R. Sun, 01 Jan 1989 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116845 1989-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116844 Policy Considerations for Anticipating and Preventing Accidents Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 01 Jan 1991 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116844 1991-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116843 The Art Of The Possible: The Feasibility of Recycling Standards for Packaging Stone, R.F.; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Lomax, G. Fri, 01 Feb 1991 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116843 1991-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116842 Designing the Sustainable Enterprise: Research Needs and Policy Implications for a Sustainable Future Ashford, Nicholas A.; Meima, R. Mon, 01 Nov 1993 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116842 1993-11-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116809 Chemical Sensitivity: Perspectives from North America and Europe Miller, C.S.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Chemical sensitivity is a controversial and perplexing illness that has been attributed to low-level chemical exposure in industrial workplaces, indoor environments, and contaminated communities, and to the use of consumer products and pharmaceuticals, first in North America and now in Europe. This paper explores the different types of sensitivity and the relationship of low-level chemical sensitivity to them. A synopsis of the largest North American study of the condition conducted to date is provided and its findings are contrasted with observations fro recent nine-county European study of chemical sensitivity. Between-country variations in construction and ventilation practices, choices of furnishings and floor coverings, chemical use (pesticides, fragrances, cleaners), cultural practices (e.g. time spent out-of-doors, window-opening practices), physician awareness/acceptance of the illness, health care systems, compensation practices, and environmental activism may influence the [reported] prevalence and/or recognition of chemical sensitivity. Fri, 01 Sep 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116809 1995-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116800 Public Participation in Contaminated Communities Ashford, Nicholas A.; Rest, K.M. The present study examines seven current, ongoing cases of public participation across a broader spectrum of communities. In contrast to earlier notorious historical failures, such as those at Love Canal, Woburn, and Times Beach, the cases in this study explore experiences considered relatively successful by both the agencies and the communities. The study sought to better understand the determinants of successful public involvement in contaminated communities where: (1) site characterization, cleanup options, and economic redevelopment were issues of concern and conflict; (2) more than one federal agency was involved; (3) state and local agencies were also involved; and (4) environmental justice was often an issue. The purposes of the study were to: (1) identify those factors most important to, and essential for, successful community involvement, (2) evaluate or suggest initiatives to further enhance successful public participation, and (3) identify options for more successful interaction and coordination of federal, state, and local agencies in their efforts to promote environmental and public health goals in contaminated communities.The study focused on initiatives which: enhance communication, outreach, and learning in the community; build skills and capability in the community; and provide for increased community participation in, and access to, government decisions. Special attention was paid to public participation problems in economically disadvantaged and minority communities with disproportionate environmental burdens (i.e., environmental justice communities), and to mechanisms for improving interagency coordination at all levels of government. Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116800 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116799 Regulation of Technical Innovation Ashford, Nicholas A.; Heaton, G.R. Sat, 01 Sep 1979 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116799 1979-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116798 The Role of Changes in Statutory/Tort Law and Liability in Preventing and Compensating Damages from Future Releases of Hazardous Waste Ashford, Nicholas A.; Moran, Sharon; Stone, Robert F. with contributions from Gordon Bloom and Daniel Nyhart, a Report to the Special Legislative Commission on Liability for Releases of Oil and Hazardous Material Thu, 01 Oct 1987 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116798 1987-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116794 Airborne Lead: A Clearcut Case of Differential Protection Hattis, Dale R.; Goble, Robert; Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1982 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116794 1982-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116792 Chemical Sensitivity: An Emerging Public Health and Environmental Problem Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Thu, 01 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116792 1994-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116790 The Design of Programs to Encourage Hazardous Waste Reduction: An Incentives Analysis Ashford, Nicholas A.; Cazakos, A.; Stone, R. F.; Wessel, K. Fri, 21 Oct 1988 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116790 1988-10-21T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116781 Package Deal: The Economic Impacts of Recycling Standards for Packaging in Massachusetts Stone, Robert F.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Mar 1991 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116781 1991-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116780 Recycling the Plastic Package Ashford, Nicholas A.; Stone, Robert F.; Sagar, Ambuj D. Examines the problems and progress in the field of plastics recycling. Statistics on plastic packaging disposal; Advances in plastic recycling; The initial start; The next stage, packaging production; Aid from manufacturers; The wide variety of resins; Design modifications; A recycling innovation that works; Separating different plastics; Resin recovery systems; Chemical processes; Government policies needed. INSET: Red herrings. Wed, 01 Jul 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116780 1992-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116779 Encouraging the Use of Pollution Prevention in Enforcement Settlements Becker, Monica M.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Mon, 01 May 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116779 1995-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116778 Identification of Pollution Prevention (P2) Technologies for Possible Inclusion in Enforcement Agreements Using Supplemental Environmental Projects (SEPs) and Injunctive Relief Final Report Ashford, Nicholas A.; Stratikopoulos, Dimitrios M. Sat, 01 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116778 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116777 Workers' Compensation Rom (ed.), W. N.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116777 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116776 Regulation and Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry Ashford, Nicholas A.; Butler, S. E.; Zolt, E. M. Article based on a paper prepared for the HEW Review Panel on New Drug Regulation Fri, 01 Jul 1977 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116776 1977-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116775 Some Consideration in Choosing an Occupational Noise Exposure Regulation Hattis, Dale; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Heaton, George, R.; Katz, Judith I. Sun, 01 Feb 1976 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116775 1976-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116691 REGULATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS: The Case of Occupational Exposure To Formaldehyde Rest, K.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1988 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116691 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116690 The Use of Technical Information in Environmental, Health, and Safety Regulation: A Brief Guide to the Issues Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116690 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116689 A Framework for Examining the Effects of Industrial Funding on Academic Freedom and the Integrity of the University Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Apr 1984 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116689 1984-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116688 Occupational Safety and Health: A Report on Worker Perceptions Frenkel, R.; Curtis Priest, W.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 01 Jan 1980 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116688 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115917 New Scientific Evidence and Public Health Imperatives Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 1987 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115917 1987-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115914 Worker health and safety: an area of conflicts Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 1975 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115914 1975-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115912 Industrial safety: the neglected issue in industrial ecology Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115912 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115905 Government Influence on the Process of Innovation in Europe and Japan Allen, Thomas J.; Utterback, James M.; Sirbu, Marvin A.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115905 1978-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115901 Science and Values in the Regulatory Process Ashford, Nicholas A. This article provides a framework for consideration of values in the use of science in the regulatory process. The science in question includes both the assessment of technologic risk and the assessment of technologic options to reduce those risks. The focus of the inquiry is on the role of the scientist and engineer as analyst or assessor. The difficulties in separating facts and values will be addressed by focusing on the central question: what level of evidence is sufficient to trigger a requirement for regulatory action? For the purposes of this article, the regulatory process includes notification of risks to interested parties, control of technologic hazards and compen- sation for harm caused by technology. The discussion will address the problems in achieving both a fair outcome and a fair process in the regulatory use of science. Fri, 01 Jan 1988 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115901 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115900 Policies for the Promotion of Inherent Safety Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115900 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115899 Chemical Sensitivity: Perspectives from North America and Europe Miller, Claudia S.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115899 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115898 The Transformation of the Industrial State During a Perfect Storm Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 25 May 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115898 2016-05-25T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115897 Homosexual Context and Identity: Reflections on the Reception of Handel as Orpheus Harris, Ellen T. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115897 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115895 Viardot sings Handel (with thanks to George Sand, Chopin, Meyerbeer, Gounod, and Julius Rietz) Harris, Ellen T. Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115895 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115893 King Arthur's journey into the eighteenth century Harris, Ellen T. Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115893 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115871 Assessing and rationalizing the management of a portfolio of clean technologies: experience from a French environmental fund and a World Bank Cleaner Production demonstration project in China. Peltier, Nicolas P.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115871 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115867 Low-level chemical sensitivity: implications for research and social policy Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115867 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115865 Inherently Safer Production, a natural complement to cleaner production Zwetsloot, Gerard I.J.M.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Dec 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115865 2002-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115859 Regulation-Induced Innovation for Sustainable Development Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph, P. Sun, 01 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115859 2012-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115855 Nicholas Ashford on Regulation and Innovation Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 24 May 2018 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115855 2018-05-24T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115851 The new TSCA: challenges remain Ashford, Nicholas A. Mon, 01 May 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115851 2017-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115850 Dealing with Uncertainty Class Discussion on Cost Benefit Analysis and the Precautionary Principle Ashford, Nicholas A.; Susskind, Lawrence Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115850 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115849 Nicholas Ashford MIT Interview Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115849 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115848 Trump Rejects Science, Technology, Economics, and the Constitution With His Two-for-One Executive Order Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Feb 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115848 2017-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115847 Don’t Be Surprised by the Explosion Near Houston. We’ve Cut Corners on Chemical Safety for Years. Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 05 Sep 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115847 2017-09-05T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115846 Arkema was not a Natural Disaster. It was a Preventable Accident Waiting to Happen Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 06 Sep 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115846 2017-09-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115842 co-optimisation through increased willingness, opportunity and capacity: a generalisable concept of appropriate technology transfer Kua, Harn Wei We proposed a methodological framework within which technology transfer could be evaluated, designed and implemented. With two case studies, we showed how, when any of the factors of ''willingness'', ''opportunity'' and ''capacity'' on the parts of the transferor and transferee were overlooked or misjudged, success would be compromised. Finally, a scheme that focused on concurrently increasing these three factors was proposed as a checklist for selecting appropriate technology for transfer. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115842 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115578 An overview of the special issue on Industrial Ecology Ashford, Nicholas A.; Côté, Raymond P. Wed, 01 Jan 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115578 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115577 Low-Level Chemical Exposures: A Challenge for Science and Policy Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Sun, 01 Nov 1998 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115577 1998-11-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115576 Technology -Focused Regulatory Approaches for Encouraging Sustainable Industrial Transformations: Beyond green, beyond the dinosaurs, and beyond evolutionary theory. Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 22 May 2018 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115576 2018-05-22T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115575 The Role of a General Safety Requirement in Canada's Health Protection Regime Benidickson, Jamie; Fairbairn, Lyle; Franklin, Claire; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Nielsen, Elizabeth; Krewski, Daniel Tue, 31 Oct 2006 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115575 2006-10-31T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115573 Possible Mechanisms for Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: The Limbic System and Others Miller, Claudia S.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115573 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115572 Allergy and Multiple Chemical Sensitivities Distinguished Miller, Claudia S.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115572 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115571 Case Definitions for Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Wed, 01 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115571 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115570 The Effects of Health and Environmental Regulation on Technological Change in the Chemical Industry: Theory and Evidence Ashford, Nicholas A.; Heaton, George, R. This paper presents the final results of a research effort which investigated the effects of environmental/safety regulation on technological change in the U.S. chemical industry. (1) The term environmental/safety regulation is used to include the legislation, regulations, and other related actions which attempt to control environmental pollution, protect worker health and safety, or ensure the safety of consumer products. Technological changes arising from regulation encompass both the immediate modifications in manufactured products or industrial processes which may be necessary in order to comply with regulation and the more indirect, or ancillary, effects regulation can have on technological change for non-regulatory, "main business" purposes. The major emphasis in this work is on technological change for compliance purposes. We distinguish technological change from innovation. Innovation means new product or process technology actually brought by a firm into first commercial use. The term technological change has a broader scope and includes "non-innovative" changes. Mon, 01 Jan 1979 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115570 1979-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115567 The Influence of Information-Based Initiatives and Negotiated Environmental Agreements on Technological Change Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115567 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115566 The Clean Air Act Ashford, Nicholas A.; Caldart, Charles Sun, 01 Jul 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115566 2012-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115236 De-[Constructing] Growth: Decoupling Profits from Unsustainable Production Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 12 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115236 2017-01-12T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115235 Commentary on "The Degrowth Initiative" Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115235 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115233 The Many-Faceted Nature of the Precautionary Principle: Science, Technology, Social Justice, and Accountability. Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 24 Jun 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115233 2015-06-24T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115147 The Flaws in the Emerging Toxics Reform Legislation and How They Can Be Fixed Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115147 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115069 The "Right to Know": Toxics Information Transfer in the Workplace Ashford, Nicholas A.; Caldart, Charles C. Tue, 01 Jan 1985 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115069 1985-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115067 Environmental Protection Laws Ashford, Nicholas A.; Caldart, Charles C. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115067 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115064 Cancer Risk: Role of environment Ashford, Nicholas A.; Bauman, Patricia; Brown, Halina, S.; Clapp, Richard, W.; Finkel, Adam, M.; Gee, David; Hattis, Dale, B.; Martuzzi, Marco; Sasco, Annie, J.; Sass, Jennifer, B. Fri, 13 Feb 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115064 2015-02-13T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115057 Making Serious Inroads into Achieving Global Climate Goals: Disrupting Innovation Driven by Governmental Regulatory Targeting, Not Slow Guided Incremental Innovation Involving Incumbents is What is Needed to Transform the Industrial State Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph, P. Strategic Niche Management and Transition Management have been promoted as useful avenues to pursue in order to achieve both specific product or process changes and system transformation by focusing on technology development through evolutionary and co-evolutionary processes, guided by government and relevant stakeholders. However, these processes are acknowledged to require decades to achieve their intended changes, a timeframe that is too long to adequately address many of the environmental and social issues we are facing. An approach that involves incumbents and does not consider targets that look beyond reasonably foreseeable technology is likely to advance a model where incumbents evolve rather than being replaced or displaced. Sustainable development requires both disruptive technological and institutional changes, the latter including stringent regulation, integration beyond coordination of disparate goals, and changes in incentives to enable new voices to contribute to integrated systems and solutions. This paper outlines options for a strong governmental role in setting future sustainability goals and the pathways for achieving them. Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115057 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115053 Making Serious Inroads into Achieving Sustainable Development: Is Strategic Niche Management/Transition Management Sufficient to Transform the Industrial State? Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph, P. Strategic Niche Management and Transition Management have been promoted as useful avenues to pursue in order to achieve both specific product or process changes and system transformation by focusing on technology development through evolutionary and coevolutionary processes, guided by government and relevant stakeholders. However, these process are acknowledged to require decades to achieve their intended changes, a timeframe that is too long for many of the environmental and social issues we are facing. An approach that involves incumbents and does not consider targets that look beyond reasonably foreseeable technology is likely to advance a model where incumbents evolve rather than being replaced or displaced. Sustainable development requires both disruptive technological and institutional changes, the latter including stringent regulation, integration beyond coordination of disparate goals, and changes in incentives to enable new voices to contribute to integrated systems and solutions. This paper outlines options for a strong governmental role in setting future sustainability goals and the pathways for achieving them. Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115053 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115049 Aligning Policies for Low-Carbon Systemic Innovation in Europe Ashford, Nicholas A.; Renda, Andrea This report considers potential policy options to promote ‘systemic innovation’ that foster decarbonisation, with a specific focus on the EU. By using the term ‘systemic’, we point to a variety of domains in which innovation can occur – not only technological, but also organisational innovation, (brought about by disruptive new business models); institutional (by revising both legal and economic incentives); and societal (requiring a change in consumption and behaviour), and emphasise how entire systems (e.g., energy, mobility, shelter) can be transformed through socio-economic change. Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115049 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115009 Environmental Protection Laws Ashford, Nicholas A.; Caldart, Charles C. The manufacturing, processing, and use of chemicals, materials, tools, machinery, and equipment in industrial, construction, mining, and agricultural workplaces cause environmental, health, and safety hazards and risks. Occupational and environmental factors cause or exacerbate major diseases of the respiratory, cardiovascular, reproductive, and nervous systems and cause system poisoning and some cancers and birth defects. Occupational and environmental disease and injury place heavy economic and social burdens on workers, employers, community residents, and taxpayers. Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115009 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114998 De-[Constructing] Growth Ashford, Nicholas A. “De-[Constructing] Growth” is offered as a more nuanced conceptualization that avoids the negative connotations of, and resistance to, “degrowth” by decoupling profit from unsustainable consumption, production, and inequality. Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114998 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114924 Harmonic Patterns in Handel's Operas Harris, Ellen T. Sat, 01 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114924 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114923 Paper, Performing Practice, and Patronage: Handel's Alto Cantatas the Bodleian Library Ms Mus. d. 61-62 Harris, Ellen T. Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114923 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114920 Silence as Sound: Handel's Sublime Pauses Harris, Ellen T. Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114920 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114918 Handel and his Will Harris, Ellen T. Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114918 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114916 Handel's Ghost: The Composer's Posthumous Reputation in the Eighteenth Century Harris, Ellen T. Wed, 01 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114916 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114609 Breaking Boundaries with Liberal Studies in Engineering Bucciarelli, Louis; Drew, David E. It has been three years since we held a workshop in Washington D.C to explore possibilities for establishing an innovative undergraduate degree program - a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies in Engineering - that would provide an alternate, smoother pathway into engineering. In this paper, we argue that to prepare engineering graduates for today’s world, requires a grounding of students learning in the more open, reflective tradition of the liberal arts. A Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies in Engineering, through an integration of engineering and the liberal arts, is meant to accomplish this objective. We explain why this program is needed, the boundaries that challenge implementation, and the problems encountered (in colleges and universities we have visited as part of an NSF-funded feasibility study) in attempting to break with tradition in both the liberal arts and engineering to fuse new, much- needed connections. Sat, 07 Apr 2018 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114609 2018-04-07T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114188 Pamphilj as Phoenix: Themes of Resurrection in Handel’s Italian Works Harris, Ellen T. Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114188 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114185 Integrity and Improvisation in the Music of Handel Harris, Ellen T. Mon, 01 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114185 1990-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112281 Engineering philosophy Bucciarelli, Louis Engineering and Philosophy seem two worlds apart. But things and ideas are not disjunct in thiw world and their synthesis is certainly essential in engineering design. In this book, the author explores how the concerns of philosophers are relevant to engineering thought and practice - in negotiating tradeoffs, in diagnosing failure, in constructing adequate models and simulations, and in teaching. The book is based on a number of lectures given at the Technical University of Delft, where the author was a Visiting Professor hosted by the Philosophy section and the School of Industrial Engineering Design. It was originally published by DUP Satellite; an imprint of Delft University Press, 2003. Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112281 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/110896 Deterministic-like model reduction for a class of multi-scale stochastic differential equations with application to biomolecular systems (Extended Version) Herath, Narmada; Del Vecchio, Domitilla Tue, 01 Aug 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/110896 2017-08-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106135 Signaling architectures that transmit unidirectional information Shah, Rushina; Del Vecchio, Domitilla A signaling pathway transmits information from an upstream system to downstream systems, ideally unidirectionally. A key bottleneck to unidirectional transmission is retroactivity, which is the additional reaction flux that affects a system once its species interact with those of downstream systems. This raises the question of whether signaling pathways have developed specialized architectures that overcome retroactivity and transmit unidirectional signals. Here, we propose a general mathematical framework that provides an answer to this question. Using this framework, we analyze the ability of a variety of signaling architectures to transmit signals unidirectionally as key biological parameters are tuned. In particular, we find that single stage phosphorylation and phosphotransfer systems that transmit signals from a kinase show the following trade-off: either they impart a large retroactivity to their upstream system or they are significantly impacted by the retroactivity due to their downstream system. However, cascades of these architectures, which are highly represented in nature, can overcome this trade-off and thus enable unidirectional information transmission. By contrast, single and double phosphorylation cycles that transmit signals from a substrate impart a large retroactivity to their upstream system and are also unable to attenuate retroactivity due to their downstream system. Our findings identify signaling architectures that ensure unidirectional signal transmission and minimize crosstalk among multiple targets. Our results thus establish a way to decompose a signal transduction network into architectures that transmit information unidirectionally, while also providing a library of devices that can be used in synthetic biology to facilitate modular circuit design. Submitted for review. Sat, 24 Dec 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106135 2016-12-24T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104905 Controller design under safety specifications for a class of bounded hybrid automata Hoehener, Daniel; Del Vecchio, Domitilla Motivated by driver-assist systems that warn the driver before taking control action, we study the safety problem for a class of bounded hybrid automata. We show that for this class there exists a least restrictive safe feedback controller that has a simple structure and can be computed efficiently online. The theoretical results are then used to design driver-assist systems for rear-end and merging collision scenarios. Thu, 01 Dec 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104905 2016-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104383 Mitigation of ribosome competition through distributed sRNA feedback (extended version) Qian, Yili; Del Vecchio, Domitilla A current challenge in the robust engineering of synthetic gene networks is context dependence, the unintended interactions among genes and host factors. Ribosome competition is a specific form of context dependence, where all genes in the network compete for a limited pool of translational resources available for gene expression. Recently, theoretical and experimental studies have shown that ribosome competition creates a hidden layer of interactions among genes, which largely hinders our ability to predict design outcomes. In this work, we establish a control theoretic framework, where these hidden interactions become disturbance signals. We then propose a distributed feedback mechanism to achieve disturbance decoupling in the network. The feedback loop at each node consists of the protein product transcriptionally activating a small RNA (sRNA), which forms a translationally inactive complex with mRNA rapidly. We illustrate that with this feedback mechanism, protein production at each node is only dependent on its own transcription factor inputs, and almost independent of hidden interactions arising from ribosome competition. This paper is an extended version of a paper of the same title accepted to Proceedings of the 55th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (2016). Fri, 23 Sep 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104383 2016-09-23T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104333 Hitting time behavior for the solution of a stochastic differential equation Herath, Narmada; Del Vecchio, Domitilla Tue, 13 Sep 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104333 2016-09-13T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103912 Online Education: A Catalyst for Higher Education Reforms Willcox, Karen E; Sarma, Sanjay; Lippel, Philip Final report of the MIT Online Education Policy Initiative Sat, 13 Aug 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103912 2016-08-13T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103856 Gender Mistakes and Inequality Bourg, Chris In nearly every interaction, we sex categorize one another. This simple, unconscious, and ubiquitous act of categorizing someone as male or female has been shown to contribute to the creation and conservation of a variety of kinds of gender inequality. This dissertation examines the impact of gender mistakes – situations where an actor becomes aware that someone they assumed was male is female (or vice-versa) – on the behaviors and attitudes of the person who made the mistake. Results of this experimental research indicate that individuals who have mistakenly classified someone as the “wrong” sex, and interacted with that person on the basis of that mistake before learning of their mistake, are less likely to use sex as a basis for categorization in a subsequent situation. These results indicate that gender mistakes could contribute to a reduction in gender inequality through decreased individual reliance on sex categorization by those who have experienced a situation where they became aware of having sex categorized someone incorrectly. Sat, 01 Mar 2003 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103856 2003-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103620 Learning Science as Explorers: Historical Resonances, Inventive Instruments, Evolving Community Cavicchi, Elizabeth Doing science as explorers, students observe, wonder and question the unknown, stretching their experience. To engage students as explorers depends on their safety in expressing uncertainty and taking risks. I create these conditions in my university seminar by employing critical exploration in the classroom, a pedagogy developed by Eleanor Duckworth, based on Jean Piaget and Bärbel Inhelder. My students observe nature and evolve trust in working together. They experience historical resonances through constructing their own diagrams and proofs of Euclid’s geometry and experimenting with motions in response to Galileo’s 1632 Dialogue. Historical figures become virtual members in the classroom, whose historical discourse is treated as if written by a current collaborator. Finding parallels between their thinking and history, students invent such instrumental assists as modeling moonrise through configurations of their bodies, balls and a lamp in the darkroom, which they later test observationally. In the process, their curiosity becomes self-sustaining, instigating further investigation. Drawing on diverse strengths of participants, collaboration among explorers is not like a chain; it can be “as strong as its strongest link.” One person’s insightful confusion can take the whole group’s understanding to a new and different place; an experiment or diagram beginning in one person’s hands soon engages all. Their collaboration has at its disposal the union of life experiences of its members. As students generate multiple concurrent, conflicting perspectives, they diverge from the goal-directed curricula of most schools today. They learn how to observe; how to question; how to communicate; how to determine what is reasonable and what is not; how to create knowledge rather than just accepting it. Sun, 01 Feb 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103620 2015-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/102237 Technology Improvement and Emissions Reductions as Mutually Reinforcing Efforts: Observations from the Global Development of Solar and Wind Energy Trancik, Jessika E.; Jean, Joel; Kavlak, Goksin; Klemun, Magdalena M.; Edwards, Morgan R.; McNerney, James; Miotti, Marco; Brown, Patrick R.; Mueller, Joshua M.; Needell, Zachary A. Mitigating climate change is unavoidably linked to developing affordable low-carbon energy technologies that can be adopted around the world. In this report, we describe the evolution of solar and wind energy in recent decades, and the potential for future expansion under nations’ voluntary commitments in advance of the 2015 Paris climate negotiations. Solar and wind energy costs have dropped rapidly over the past few decades, and commitments made in international climate negotiations offer an opportunity to support the technological innovation needed to achieve a self-sustaining, virtuous cycle of emissions reductions and low-carbon technology development by 2030. If countries emphasize renewables expansion, solar and wind capacity could grow by factors of 4.9 and 2.7 respectively between the present day and 2030. Based on future technology development scenarios, past trends, and technology cost floors, we estimate these commitments for renewables expansion could achieve a cost reduction of up to 50% for solar (PV) and up to 25% for wind. Forecasts are inherently uncertain, but even under the more modest cost reduction scenarios, the costs of these technologies decrease over time. Fri, 13 Nov 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/102237 2015-11-13T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101877 An N-stage Cascade of Phosphorylation Cycles as an Insulation Device for Synthetic Biological Circuits Shah, Rushina; Del Vecchio, Domitilla Single phosphorylation cycles have been found to have insulation device abilities, that is, they attenuate the effect of retroactivity applied by downstream systems and hence facilitate modular design in synthetic biology. It was recently discovered that this retroactivity attenuation property comes at the expense of an increased retroactivity to the input of the insulation device, wherein the device slows down the signal it receives from its upstream system. In this paper, we demonstrate that insulation devices built of cascaded phosphorylation cycles can break this tradeoff allowing to attenuate the retroactivity applied by downstream systems while keeping a small retroactivity to the input. In particular, we show that there is an optimal number of cycles that maximally extends the linear operating region of the insulation device while keeping the desired retroactivity properties, when a common phosphatase is used. These findings provide optimal design strategies of insulation devices for synthetic biology applications. Sun, 27 Mar 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101877 2016-03-27T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101758 A Dynamical Model for the Low Efficiency of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Reprogramming (Extended Version) Abdallah, Hussein; Qian, Yili; Del Vecchio, Domitilla In the past decade, researchers have been able to obtain pluripotent stem cells directly from an organism’s differentiated cells through a process called cell reprogramming. This opens the way to potentially groundbreaking applications in regenerative and personalized medicine, in which ill patients could use self-derived induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells where needed. While the process of reprogramming has been shown to be possible, its efficiency remains so low after almost ten years since its conception as to render its applicability limited to laboratory research. In this paper, we study a mathematical model of the core transcriptional circuitry among a set of key transcription factors, which is thought to determine the switch among pluripotent and blue early differentiated cell types. By employing standard tools from dynamical systems theory, we analyze the effects on the system’s dynamics of overexpressing the core factors, which is what is performed during the reprogramming process. We demonstrate that the structure of the system is such that it can render the switch from an initial stable steady state (differentiated cell type) to the desired stable steady state (pluripotent cell type) highly unlikely. This finding provides insights into a possible reason for the low efficiency of current reprogramming approaches. We also suggest a strategy for improving the reprogramming process that employs simultaneous overexpression of one transcription factor along with enhanced degradation of another. This is an extended version of a paper of the same title accepted to the 2016 American Control Conference (ACC) Tue, 22 Mar 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101758 2016-03-22T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101755 Model reduction for a class of singularly perturbed stochastic differential equations : Fast variable approximation (Extended Version) Herath, Narmada; Del Vecchio, Domitilla This is an extended version of a paper of the same title accepted to American Control Conference (ACC) 2016. Tue, 22 Mar 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101755 2016-03-22T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101692 Deterministic model derivation and model reduction of an activator-repressor genetic oscillator Kumar, Nithin Senthur; Del Vecchio, Domitilla Mon, 14 Mar 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101692 2016-03-14T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101596 Design of a lane departure driver-assist system under safety specifications Hoehener, Daniel; Huang, Geng; Del Vecchio, Domitilla We use a controlled invariance approach to design a semi-autonomous lane departure assist system that is guaranteed to keep the vehicle in the lane. The controlled invariant safe set is the set of system states from which an input exists that can keep the vehicle in the lane. First we provide theoretical conditions under which the controlled invariant safe set has a simple characterization that can be quickly computed in real-time. We then use this characterization to derive a feedback strategy that keeps the vehicle in the lane and overrides the driver only if he/she could otherwise force a future lane departure. We also provide a detailed description of the above mentioned conditions, including algorithmic approaches that allow to verify whether these conditions are satisfied. Fri, 04 Mar 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101596 2016-03-04T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100708 Dynamic Response of Systems with Structural Damping Crandall, Stephen H. The response of simple vibratory systems containing structural damping is studied analytically when the excitation is an impulse and when the excitation is stationary random vibration. It is found that in a strict sense the assumption of ideal structural damping represents a physically unrealizable model because a small precursor response occurs before the application of an impulsive load. For stationary random excitation exact solutions for the mean square response are compared with approximate solutions obtained from two increasingly accurate "equivalent viscous" substitutes for structural damping. Sun, 01 Oct 1961 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100708 1961-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98269 Automatic Quantifications of Dynamics of Genetic Circuits in a Single Cell in Chemostat Huang, Hsin-Ho; Del Vecchio, Domitilla Modular design of genetic circuits requires iterations of experimental and theoretical efforts to make the design process reliable and the resulting behaviors predictable. This technical report demonstrates a fully automatic experiment procedure by using the MSP FlowCytoPrep 5000 Sample Prep system to deliver samples prepared from multiplex miniature stirred tank reactors (Flexostat) to the flow cytometer BD Accuri C6 to quantify dynamics of an transcription activator cascade in a single cell in chemostat. Mon, 31 Aug 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98269 2015-08-31T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/96672 Liberal Studies in Engineering - Workshop Report Bucciarelli, Louis; Drew, David; Tobias, Sheila On the 30th and 31st of January, 2015, some sixty scholars from the humanities, arts and social sciences as well as engineering met at the National Academy of Sciences building in DC to discuss the possibilities for establishing an undergraduate, pre-professional degree program — a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies in Engineering — meant to attract students undecided about choice of a major who still have sufficient interest to enroll in a program that keeps open the possibility that they might pursue a career in engineering. The workshop over the day and one-half included six sessions, each led off by a panel of from three to six project participants. The first part of this report contains summaries of panelists’ remarks. A second part provides a narrative of themes discussed and questions raised during the discussion sessions. Thu, 12 Mar 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/96672 2015-03-12T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/96430 Coherent two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy: Quantitative analysis of protein secondary structure in solution Tokmakoff, Andrei; Jones, Kevin C.; Reppert, Mike E.; Peng, Chunte Sam; Baiz, Carlos R. We present a method to quantitatively determine the secondary structure composition of globular proteins using coherent two-dimensional infrared (2DIR) spectroscopy of backbone amide I vibrations (1550–1720 cm−1). Sixteen proteins with known crystal structures were used to construct a library of 2DIR spectra, and the fraction of residues in α-helix, β-sheet, and unassigned conformations was determined by singular value decomposition (SVD) of the measured two-dimensional spectra. The method was benchmarked by removing each individual protein from the set and comparing the composition extracted from 2DIR against the composition determined from the crystal structures. To highlight the increased structural content extracted from 2DIR spectra a similar analysis was also carried out using conventional infrared absorption of the proteins in the library. Thu, 01 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/96430 2012-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90250 Order Preserving Properties of Vehicle Dynamics with Respect to the Driver's Input Forghani, Mojtaba; Del Vecchio, Domitilla Sat, 20 Sep 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90250 2014-09-20T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90249 Technical Report on "Limitations and trade-offs in gene expression due to competition for shared cellular resources" Gyorgy, Andras; Del Vecchio, Domitilla This is a technical report accompanying the paper entitled “Limitations and trade-offs in gene expression due to competition for shared cellular resources”. Fri, 19 Sep 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90249 2014-09-19T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/88026 Science and the Courts Bucciarelli, Louis "Science and the Courts" is a module meant to illustrate how one might teach exemplary engineering content from the perspective of the humanities and social sciences - the aim of the proposed Bachelor of Arts in "Liberal Studies in Engineering" Tue, 17 Jun 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/88026 2014-06-17T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87558 Peter Heering and Roland Wittje (eds): Learning by Doing: Experiments and Instruments in the History of Science Teaching [book review] Cavicchi, Elizabeth Essays in this volume address how instruments and experimenting were manifested in science teaching in the nineteenth century, with extensions by a half-century earlier or later. Both science and education underwent broad-reaching changes in identity and practice during this era: from interpretive ways of natural philosophy to systematic researches in professionalizing disciplines of sciences; from classical languages and texts read by an elite few to scientific and technical training that were taken up by the burgeoning numbers of those who became students at the beginnings of mass education. Within these large-scale trends, authors of the book’s fourteen papers develop trenchant accounts of the materials of science instruction and the institutional and cultural environments of their use. Tue, 01 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87558 2012-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87557 Opening Possibilities in Experimental Science and its History: Critical Explorations with Pendulums and Singing Tubes Cavicchi, Elizabeth A teacher and a college student explore experimental science and its history by reading historical texts, and responding with replications and experiments of their own. A curriculum of ever-widening possibilities evolves in their ongoing interactions with each other, history, and such materials as pendulums, flame, and resonant singing tubes. Narratives illustrate how questions, observations, and developments emerge in class interactions, along with the pair’s reflections on history and research. This study applies the research pedagogy of critical exploration, developed by Eleanor Duckworth from the interviewing of Piaget and Inhelder and exploratory activities of the 1960s Elementary Science Study. Complexity as the subject matter opens up possibilities which foster curiosity among participants. Like Galileo, Tyndall, Xu Shou, and others, this student recurrently came upon new physical behaviors. His responses to these phenomena enabled him to learn from yet other unexpected happenings. These explorations have implications for opening up classrooms to unforeseen possibilities for learning. Teaching . . . is more about a conscientious participation in expanding the space of the possible by creating the conditions for the emergence of the not-yet-imaginable. . . . Teaching, like learning, is not about convergence onto a pre-established truth, but about divergence - about broadening what can be known and done. In other words, the emphasis is not on what is, but what might be brought forth. Teaching thus comes to be a participation in a recursively elaborative process of opening up new spaces of possibility while exploring current spaces. (Davis & Sumara, 2007, p. 64) Wed, 01 Oct 2008 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87557 2008-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87089 Historical Experiments in Students’ Hands: Unfragmenting Science through Action and History Cavicchi, Elizabeth Two students, meeting together with a teacher, redid historical experiments. Unlike conventional instruction where science topics and practices often fragment, they experienced interrelatedness among phenomena, participants’ actions, and history. This study narrates actions that fostered an interrelated view. One action involved opening up historical telephones to examine interior circuitry. Another made sound visible in a transparent air column filled with Styrofoam bits and through Lissajous figures produced by reflecting light off orthogonal nineteenth century tuning forks crafted by Koenig and Kohl. Another involved orienting magnetic compasses to reveal the magnetism of conducting wires, historically investigated by Oersted and Schweigger. Replicating Homberg’s triboluminescent compound elicited students’ reflective awareness of history. These actions bore pedagogical value in recovering some of the interrelatedness inherent in the history and reintroducing the wonder of science phenomena to students today. Fri, 01 Aug 2008 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87089 2008-08-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87065 Classroom Explorations: Pendulums, Mirrors, and Galileo’s Drama Cavicchi, Elizabeth What do you see in a mirror when not looking at yourself? What goes on as a pendulum swings? Undergraduates in a science class supposed that these behaviors were obvious until their explorations exposed questions with no quick answers. While exploring materials, students researched Galileo, his trial, and its aftermath. Galileo came to life both in their presentations about him, and in the context of lab investigations by the emerging class community. Questions and experiments evolved continually; differing perspectives on science and authority were exchanged respectfully. In rediscovering their own capacity for wonder, students developed as critical explorers of the world. Tue, 01 Feb 2011 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87065 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/85691 Stochastic Stability Properties of a Singularly Perturbed Chemical Langevin Equation Herath, Narmada; Del Vecchio, Domitilla Tue, 18 Mar 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/85691 2014-03-18T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79840 Risk Management in Lean Product Development Oehmen, Josef; Rebentisch, Eric This whitepaper summarizes 15 years of research conducted at MIT's Lean Advancement Initiative on the topic of risk management in product design and development. It discusses current challenges in risk management for product development, presents a risk management process for PD based on ISO 31000, and summarizes 10 papers published of LAI research on risk management. Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79840 2010-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79839 Program Management for Large Scale Engineering Programs Oehmen, Josef; Rebentisch, Eric; Kinscher, Kristian The goal of this whitepaper is to summarize the LAI research that applies to program management. The context of most of the research discussed in this whitepaper are large-scale engineering programs, particularly in the aerospace & defense sector. The main objective is to make a large number of LAI publications – around 120 – accessible to industry practitioners by grouping them along major program management activities. Our goal is to provide starting points for program managers, program management staff and system engineers to explore the knowledge accumulated by LAI and discover new thoughts and practical guidance for their everyday challenges. The whitepaper begins by introducing the challenges of programs in section 4, proceeds to define program management in section 5 and then gives an overview of existing program management frameworks in section 6. In section 7, we introduce a new program management framework that is tailored towards describing the early program management phases – up to the start of production. This framework is used in section 8 to summarize the relevant LAI research. Thu, 01 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79839 2011-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79838 Waste in Lean Product Development Oehmen, Josef; Rebentisch, Eric The main objective of this paper is to make the work that has been done at LAI in the area of waste in product development easily accessible to the consortium members. The focus of the discussion in this paper is therefore on past LAI work. Non-LAI work is integrated into the presentation where it is necessary to complete the picture. The intended readership is engineers and managers in the areas of product development, product design, systems engineering and program management. The paper is also intended to provide a first overview to students and others interested in the field. Reading this whitepaper provides a concise overview of the most important waste drivers in product development, that is, the most common project deficiencies that lead to cost and schedule overrun, as well as to performance issues. It will enable those involved in process improvement initiatives to include specific lean-related factors into their process analysis. It provides both managers and engineers with a common language and concepts to enhance the efficiency of their product development projects. Thu, 01 Jul 2010 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79838 2010-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79681 Survey Report: Improving Integration of Program Management and Systems Engineering Conforto, Edivandro; Rossi, Monica; Rebentisch, Eric; Oehmen, Josef; Pacenza, Maria For many years, a cultural barrier has existed between practitioners of systems engineering and of program management.  Some systems engineers and program managers have developed the mindset that their work activities are separate from each other rather than part of an organic whole.  Consequently, work often costs more, takes longer, and provides a suboptimal solution for the customer or end user.  The leaders of INCOSE and PMI believe this cultural barrier and mindset can and must be overcome. By working together, the organizations hope to foster a team approach that will benefit their members and their organizations, and ultimately the stakeholders who depend on them. The survey findings reported in this whitepaper highlight 4 key elements to reduce unproductive tension between program managers and system engineers and support the integration of these roles: 1. Use standards from both domains; 2. Formally define the integration of the roles; 3. Conducted integrated program assessments; and 4. Share responsibilities in select key areas. Sat, 01 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79681 2013-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76696 Quantification and ACD: Evidence from Real-Time Sentence Processing Hackl, Martin; Koster-Hale, Jorie; Varvoutis, Jason Quantifiers, unlike proper names or definite descriptions, cannot be given the semantics of referring expressions. This fact has triggered a long standing debate in formal semantics and syntax as to the combinatorial means by which quantifiers are integrated into a sentence. The present paper contributes to this debate through an investigation of quantifier comprehension during real-time sentence processing. We present evidence showing that two potentially independent processes—the integration of a quantifier in object position and the resolution of antecedent-contained deletion (ACD)—are linked. Our data show, more specifically, that the resolution of a downstream ACD site is facilitated during real-time sentence processing if the upstream DP hosting the ACD site is quantificational but not if it is definite. We discuss these findings in the context of a QUANTIFIER RAISING based approach and a type-shifting-based approach to quantifier integration. We argue that facilitation of ACD resolution by an upstream quantifier is only expected by theories, such as the QUANTIFIER RAISING approach, which employ the same mechanism for both processes. We then compare the QUANTIFIER RAISING-based account with a non-grammatical experience-based approach to our data, which attempts to explain the findings in terms of corpus frequencies. Although we cannot rule out such an alternative at this stage, we offer reasons to believe that an account that exploits QUANTIFIER RAISING has an explanatory advantage. Data files and documentation available at http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76676 Sun, 08 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76696 2012-01-08T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76676 Data files and Documentation for Hackl et al. (2012): Quantification and ACD: Evidence from Real-Time Sentence Processing Hackl, Martin Data files for Hackl et al. (2012), documentation, and errata This folder contains the raw data that constitute the evidence for Hackl et al. (2012), documentation of the analysis steps, and an errata sheet. Wed, 30 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76676 2013-01-30T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72227 Arethusa : a fountain through sculpture Cavicchi, Elizabeth Mary The major work for this thesis is the creation of a sculpture, constructed as an independently running fountain. The sculpture is composed of ceramic figures, and is installed at the M.I.T. Student Center Library. The written paper begins with a statement about water and traces the myth of Arethusa, the subject of my fountain sculpture, through references in Greek lyrics. The next section selects Presocratic thought as one basis for ideas about water and continues with discussion of poetic allusions to fountains survey of selected public fountains from several historical periods is undertaken to illustrate the change in sculptural design and purpose of these structures through history. Next the sculptural and environmental aspects of making this thesis fountain are discussed, with accompanying photographs. A brief chapter of my own poetry is included as well. Thesis (M.S.V.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1980.; MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.; Includes bibliographical references. Tue, 01 Jan 1980 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72227 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/71008 Bachelor of Arts in Engineering - The Full Proposal Bucciarelli, Louis A first draft of this proposal provided the basis for remarks made as a participant in a panel at Union College's 4th Annual Symposium on Engineering & Liberal Education held in June of 2011. Over the past year I have reworked (and shortened) the piece and distributed to a number of colleagues - in the Humanities and Social Sciences as well as in Engineering - intending to provoke discussion of the possibilities for establishing a bachelor of arts degree program in 'Liberal Studies in Engineering”. In time I hope to bring together, and write up for broader distribution, the comments I have received in response. Sat, 02 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/71008 2012-06-02T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70080 How user innovations become commercial products: A theoretical investigation and case von Hippel, Eric A. Fri, 20 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70080 2012-04-20T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70079 Horizontal innovation networks-by and for users von Hippel, Eric A. Fri, 20 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70079 2012-04-20T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70078 Costless Creation of Strong Brands by User Communities von Hippel, Eric A. Fri, 20 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70078 2012-04-20T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70077 User Toolkits for Innovation von Hippel, Eric A. Fri, 20 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70077 2012-04-20T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70075 Reducing Medical Costs and Improving Quality via Self-Management Tools von Hippel, Eric A. Fri, 20 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70075 2012-04-20T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70073 The major shift towards user-centered innovation: Implications for China’s innovation policymaking von Hippel, Eric A. Fri, 20 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70073 2012-04-20T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70028 How open source software works: "Free" user-to-user assistance von Hippel, Eric A. Fri, 13 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70028 2012-04-13T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70027 Cooperation Between Rivals: Informal Know-How Trading von Hippel, Eric A. Fri, 13 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70027 2012-04-13T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67888 5d time-light transport matrix: What can we reason about scene properties? Ramesh, Raskar; Davis, James Sat, 01 Mar 2008 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67888 2008-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65584 Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy (TRVS XIV) Tokmakoff, Andrei Abstracts of presentations made at the Fourteenth International Conference on Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy (TRVS XIV) held May 9-14, 2009 in Meredith, New Hampshire. TRVS is a series of biennial conferences covering the use of advanced vibrational spectroscopy for the use of studying time-dependent molecular processes in chemistry, physics and biology. The topics of the conference included: (1) Dynamics of liquids, solids, interfaces, and nanostructured materials; (2) TRVS in molecular biophysics and photobiology; (3) Chemical, vibrational, and hydrogen bonding dynamics; (4) Proton and electron transfer studies for energy conversion and storage; (5) Multidimensional vibrational spectroscopy: IR, Raman, and THz; (6) Single molecule vibrational spectroscopy; (7)Theoretical and computational spectroscopy. The proceedings were edited by conference chair Andrei Tokmakoff, and published with the assistance of Anne Hudson, Krupa Ramasesha, and Rebecca Nicodemus. Presenters of oral and poster presentations: Andresen, E.R.; Anna, J.; Arnold, S.; Asbury, J.B.; Backus, E.; Baiz, C.; Bakker, H.J.; Bakulin, A.; Bakulin, A.A.; Banno, M.; Barth, A.; Benderskii, A.V.; Bonn, M.; Borguet, E.; Buckup, T.; Cho, M.; Dexheimer, S.L.; Di Donato, M.; Ding, F.; Dlott, D.D.; Eisenthal, K.B.; Elsaesser, T.; Fayer, M.D.; Frischkorn, C.; Ganim, Z.; Garrett-Roe, S.; Gerwert, K.; Ghosh, H.N.; Gorbikova, E.; Gruenbaum, S.; Guo, R.; Hamaguchi, H.; Haran, G.; Harris, C.B.; Hauser, K.; Hayes, P.; Helbing, J.; Hochstrasser, R. M.;Hunt, N.T.;Hwang, H.; Ismael, H.; Iwata, K.; Jansen, T.L.C.; Jones, K.; Kano, H.; Kasyanenko, V.; Keating, C.; Khalil, M.; Konek, C.; Kotani, A.; Kubarych, K.J.; Laage, D.; Lang, B.; Lessing, J.; Lian, T.; Lin, Y.-S.; Lin, Z.; Liu, M.; Lu, H.P.; Lynch, M.; Massari, A.; Mazur, K.; McCammant, D.; McCanne, R.; McGrane, S.; Mizuno, M.; Mizutani, Y.; Nelson, K.A.; Nergrerie, M.; Neumann, K.; Nibbering, E.T.J.; Nicodemus, R.; Ogilvie, J.; Okajima, H.; Ono, J.; Owrutsky, J.; Paarmann, A.; Panman, M.; Petersen, P.B.; Piatkowski, L.; Pshenichnikov, M.; Ramasesha, K.; Regner, N.; Righini, R.; Roberts, S.R.; Ruhman, S.; Shaw, D.; Shilov, S.; Shimada, R.; Skinner, J.; Solnstev, K.; Stahl, A.; Stirnemann, G.; Tahara, T.; Tayama, J.; Timmer, R.; Tominaga, K.;Tomonori, N.; Torii, H.; Turton, D.; Van Duyne, R.P.; van Thor, JJ ;Vohringer, P.; Vohringer, P.; Watanabe, K.; Werncke, W.; Wilson, K.; Woys, A.M.; Wynne, K.; Xie, X.S.; Yamaguchi, S.; Yoshida, K.; Yoshizawa, M.; Zanni, M.; Ziegler, L. Wed, 31 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65584 2011-08-31T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/51789 From Function to Structure in Engineering Design Bucciarelli, Louis Peter Kroes et al (The Empirical Turn in the Philosophy of Technology, P. Kroes & A. Meijers, (eds.) JAI, 20009 )frame the challenge of engineering design as bridging the divide between function and structure, as moving from a statement of functional requirements to the definition of (physical) structure - the latter, in large part, taking the form of design drawings, parts-lists, user manuals, and the like. I flesh out this picture, arguing that the notion of “structure” is best understood as of two sorts: There is “material structure” as the definition of the concrete material object of design as recognized above, but there is structure again in a formal sense - as abstract, engineering models and representations of the “parts” of the design (object- worlds here). It is this latter “formal structure” of the parts and their place in the whole that participants in design work to define, given the stated functional requirements of the whole. Based on a talk given at CEPHAD 2010: The Borderland Between Philosophy and Design Research, a Conference at the Danish Design School, Copenhagen, January, 2010. Tue, 23 Feb 2010 14:53:55 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/51789 2010-02-23T14:53:55Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49846 BA in Engineering - A Proposal Bucciarelli, Louis A proposal to provoke discussion of possibilities for the establishment of a Bachelor of Arts in Engineering at MIT. A proposal submitted to the d'Arbeloff Fund for Excellence in Education, MIT, Fall, 2008. Tue, 24 Nov 2009 20:26:35 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49846 2009-11-24T20:26:35Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49813 Users as Service Innovators: The Case of Banking Services von Hippel, Eric A. Many services can be self-provided. An individual user or a user firm can, for example, choose to do its own accounting – choose to self-provide that service - instead of hiring an accounting firm to provide it. Since users can ‘serve themselves’ in many cases, it is also possible for users to innovate with respect to the services they self-provide. In this paper, we explore the histories of 47 functionally novel and important commercial and retail banking services. We find that, in 85% of these cases, users self-provided the service before any bank offered it. Our empirical findings differ significantly from prevalent producer-centered views of service development. We speculate that the patterns we have observed in banking with respect to the dominant role of users in service development will prove to be quite general. If so, this will be an important matter: on the order of 75% of GDP in advanced economies today is derived from services. We discuss the implications of our findings for research and practice in service development. Thu, 12 Nov 2009 15:34:24 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49813 2009-11-12T15:34:24Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46350 Measuring user innovation in Dutch high tech SMEs: Frequency, nature and transfer to producers von Hippel, Eric A. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46350 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46349 From experience: Developing new product concepts via the lead user method: A case study in a "low-tech" field von Hippel, Eric A. Tue, 01 Jan 1991 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46349 1991-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46334 Delta Design: Seeing/Seeing as Bucciarelli, Louis Thu, 01 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46334 1999-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40284 Ethics and Engineering Education Bucciarelli, Louis ABET recommends the study of ethics so that students acquire “an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility”. For the most part, teaching of the subject relies upon the use of scenarios - both hypothetical and “real”- and open discussion framed by the codes. These scenarios and this framing strike me as seriously deficient - lacking in their attention to the complexities of context, almost solely focused on individual agency, while reflecting too narrow and simplistic a view of the responsibilities of the practicing engineer. A critique of several exemplary scenarios, and consideration of the demands placed upon today’s professional, prompt reflection on the need for, not just a more expansive reading of the codes of ethics re what it might mean to be “responsible”, but a substantial reform of undergraduate engineering education across the board. A presentation made at a Workshop on Philosophy and Engineering, Technical University of Delft, October 2007. A much shorter version of this paper has been submitted for consideration in the EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION  2008 Société Européenne pour la Formation des Ingénieurs (SEFI); EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION Sat, 16 Feb 2008 13:34:15 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40284 2008-02-16T13:34:15Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39417 Software for modeling set perception Rosenholtz, Ruth; Alvarez, George Tue, 30 Oct 2007 17:56:41 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39417 2007-10-30T17:56:41Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37593 Feature Congestion and Subband Entropy measures of visual clutter Rosenholtz, Ruth; Li, Yuanzhen; Nakano, Lisa This MATLAB software implements two measures of visual clutter described in our Journal of Vision 2007 paper in the special issue on crowding. The remaining measure described in that paper, Edge Density, is only two lines of MATLAB code and is fully described in the paper, so we do not include that code here. To run this software, you will likely need to download an updated version of Simoncelli's Steerable Pyramid software, available here: http://www.cns.nyu.edu/~eero/steerpyr/ Mon, 04 Jun 2007 17:59:44 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37593 2007-06-04T17:59:44Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7568 Map 25: Peninsula Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7568 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7567 Map 24: S.F. SoMa Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7567 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7566 Map 23: S.F. Castro Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7566 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7565 Map 22: PacBell Park Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7565 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7564 Map 21: S.F. Peninsula Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7564 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7563 Map 20: S.F. Downtown Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7563 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7562 Map 18: S.F. Union Square Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7562 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7561 Map 17: Bay Area Worst Case Transit Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7561 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7560 Map 16: Bay Area Express Bus Routes Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7560 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7559 Map 19: S.F. Civic Center Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7559 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7558 Map 15: Bay Area Rail Network Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7558 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7557 Map 14: Wine Country Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7557 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7556 Map 13: S.F. Bay Area Interactive Mendel, Carol Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7556 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7555 Map 12: S.F. Bay Area Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7555 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7554 Map 11: S.F. Golden Gate Park Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7554 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7553 Map 10: S.F. Neighborhoods Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7553 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7552 Map 9: Saturday Early Evening Fri, 30 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7552 2002-08-30T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7551 Map 8: U.S. Current Surface Sat, 31 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7551 2002-08-31T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7550 Map 7: U.S. Saturday Midday Fri, 30 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7550 2002-08-30T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7549 Map 6: U.S. Temperature Change Sat, 31 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7549 2002-08-31T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7548 Map 5: U.S. Tonight's Forecast Fri, 30 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7548 2002-08-30T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7547 Map 4: U.S. Saturday Morning Fri, 30 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7547 2002-08-30T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7546 Map 3: U.S. Forecast Winds Fri, 30 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7546 2002-08-30T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7545 Map 2: U.S. Precipitation Forecast Sat, 31 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7545 2002-08-31T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7544 Map 1: U.S. Aches & Pains Index Sat, 31 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7544 2002-08-31T00:00:00Z