https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/142305 2026-04-10T22:22:51Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/141585 Energy and development: Fossil fuels in developing countries Choucri, Nazli 1984-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/141584 International exchanges of alternative energy sources: Technology, price, and management Choucri, Nazli 1977-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/141557 Energy independence Choucri, Nazli; Ferraro, Vincent This study is one of a number done by academic and other research institutions for the Department of State as part of its external research program. The program is planned and coordinated by the Department of State Research Council and managed by the Office of External Research in the Bureau of Intelligence and Research. It is designed to supplement the Department's own research capabilities and to provide independent, expert views to policy officers and analysts on questions with important policy implications. 1974-11-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/141556 Methodological perspectives and research implications Alker, Hayward R. Jr.; Choucri, Nazli This study is one of a number done by academic and other research institutions for the Department of State as part of its external research program. The program is planned and coordinated by the Department of State Research Council and managed by the Office of External Research in the Bureau of Intelligence and Research. It is designed to supplement the Department's own research capabilities and to provide independent, expert views to policy officers and analysts on questions with important policy implications. 1974-11-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/141530 Renewable energy in Abu Dhabi: Opportunities and challenges Mezher, Toufic; Goldsmith, Daniel; Choucri, Nazli The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is an oil-rich country located in the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Abu Dhabi is the largest emirate in the country, and Abu Dhabi is the capital of the UAE. The country has the one of the highest per capita rates of CO2 CO 2 emission and water consumption in the world. Most of the water consumed is produced in desalination plants, which are energy intensive. The leadership of the country has made the bold decision to establish a renewable energy (RE) sector to diversify its energy sources and the economy as a whole. The Masdar Initiative was established to promote this objective. The government has established its first RE policy; the goal is to have 7% of power come from RE sources and technologies by 2020. This paper highlights the different RE projects of the Masdar Initiative, with particular emphasis on the power sector, and examines the new concentrated solar power (CSP) plants developed as part of the initiative. 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/141529 Population, resources, and technology: Political implications of the environmental crisis Choucri, Nazli; Bennett, James P. Virtually everyone recognizes the existence on an environmental crisis in the world today, but many uncertainties remain concerning the precise nature of this crisis and its domestic and international implications. This much is clear: The world's population is continuing to grow at an alarming pace; finite resources are being utilized at exponential rates; and technological advances are contributing to negative ecological outcomes. These trends have been documented extensively. Their political significance, however, has received little attention if only because the visibility of the problem is such a recent phenomenon. This article is addressed to some of the political consequences and international implications of the environmental crisis. 1972-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/141528 Analytical specifications of the world oil market: A review and comparison of twelve models.  Choucri, Nazli One discernible reaction to the oil price increases of October 1973 is a variety of arguments and position papers about different features of the "crisis," yielding both diagnoses of the "problem" and prescriptions for its "solution." Much of this literature is dominated by a view that the problem is created by the oil exporting countries, and the solution is some form of induced price reduction. At the same time, however, there is a new line of research that seeks to apply techniques of mathematical modeling and simulation to analyses of the "problem." The importance of this new work on the world oil market lies in its intended contribution to our understanding of that market, by seeking to yield insights into precise relationships and provide specific predictions or forecasts. The purpose of this review is to compare the structure of twelve models of the world oil market, identify the analytical formulations employed, and render explicit the world view adopted by each and its implications for modeling international trade in petroleum. This comparison is designed to highlight both the dominant assumptions and the characteristic features of price de- termination in models of the world petroleum market. We shall conclude that models reviewed all share the same general paradigm, that the implicit world view employed poses inherent difficulties, that important features of "reality" in international oil trade are omitted, and that some of these difficulties can be overcome by an explicit recognition of the broader international exchanges within which this particular market is imbedded. 1979-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/141527 Power and politics in world oil Choucri, Nazli Though there has recently been more oil in the marketplace than anyone knows what to do with, a feeling of apprehension persists. We know that oil is a fi. nite resource upon which the world is profoundly dependent. We remember how a handful of producers shook the market for this critical commodity almost ten years ago, causing a fourfold price increase in a few weeks. We sense that these producers have since 1973 consolidated the position that gave them unprecedented control of the market. Indeed, the 13 producing countries that are now members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) today provide one-third of the world's oil; half of all exported oil comes from the Middle East. It is easy to believe that industrial countries are increasingly at the mercy of these oil- exporting countries, whose political and religious traditions are so vital and different from those of the West. 1982-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/141526 OPEC: Calming a nervous world oil market Choucri, Nazli In October 1973, the oil-exporting countries announced an increase in oil prices from $3.11 to 5.12 per barrel. The consuming nations regarded the price increases with horror—as an audacious and unwarranted economic humiliation. Since then, the oil-exporting countries have increased the market price of crude ten times, reaching $28 per barrel, and almost everyone agrees that there remains a wide margin for further price increases to producers, consumers, and international oil companies. In retrospect, the 1973 price increases seem moderate, but they were the first obvious manifestation of irrevocable changes in the oil market and, most important, in the world's international power structure. 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/141525 Energy and development: Understanding the risks Lampe, D. R. It is no secret that highly industrialized nations such as Great Britain, the United States, and Japan depend heavily on the oil rich nations of the Middle East - and increasingly Latin America - for the petroleum products to fuel their economies. On the other hand, this demand has produced sudden enormous wealth in these regions, a situation which inevitably brings political and social, as well as economic, strains. Understanding the interplay of the volatile energy market with the politics, economics, and growth in these areas are thus of vital importance both for the developing areas and the countries with which they do business. To help monitor, understand, and forecast the changes and risks associated with these critical areas, a group of MIT researchers drawn from several disciplines have combined their expertise in a series of projects under the auspices of the Energy and Development Research Program. And members of the group have developed new and unique methods for producing comprehensive analyses of the economic and political issues in these areas. 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/141524 Energy policy in Egypt Choucri, Nazli; Shafei, M. Z. Energy issues are becoming increasingly central to the Egyptian economy, and the country's energy sector is regarded by many analysts and policy makers as holding one critical key to Egypt's future. However, sound management is required so that the country's scarce resources are optimally utilized. These concerns provided the basis for a: collaborative research project on Egyptian energy issues undertaken jointly between Cairo University and M.IT. 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/141514 Energy and technological development in Latin America Choucri, Nazli By now, the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is familiar to everyone: it is an almost perfect positive correlation which appears across time and in cross-national comparisons. Figure 1 shows the relationship between energy consumption and GNP in 1973 for select countries at different levels of development. The robustness of this relationship will necessitate macroeconomic adjustments due to oil price increases of 1973 and subsequent changes in the world oil market. Low fuel prices, which were instrumental in enabling rapid economic growth rates in the industrial west, can no longer be counted upon for growth in the developing world. While considerable ambiguity remains regarding the direction of causation whether from energy to economy or the other way around—the robustness of energy-economy interactions is not at issue: energy use, a necessary input for economic growth, is also a function of growth. Technological change in the energy area emerges in the forefront of policy concerns worldwide. 1981-11-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/71264 Modeling Renewable Energy Readiness: The UAE Context Choucri, Nazli; Goldsmith, Daniel; Mezher, Toufic Modeling technology policy is becoming an increasingly important capability to steer states and societies toward sustainability. This paper presents a simulation-modeling approach to evaluate renewable energy readiness, that is, the ability to develop renewable energy, taking into account critical ecological, economic, governance, and institutional factors that generally shape energy policy. While the dynamics underlying shifts towards renewable energy are generic, we focus on the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as a counter-intuitive case. The UAE is a major oil rich and oil exporting country, with large untapped reserves. Yet it has made a policy decision to develop sources of renewable energy. The absence of basic institutional, managerial, and infrastructure requirements creates major barriers that must be surmounted if this policy is to be effectively pursued. For these and other reasons, the UAE serves as a "hard test" for the potentials of renewable energy and can eventually be used as a model for other oil exporting countries. The UAE has already made strides along a trajectory in trial and error ways. As such, it helps demonstrate in theory and practice the readiness for renewable energy-that can help articulate effective policy trajectories. 2011-06-01T00:00:00Z